近14年北方冬小麦肥料产量效应变化及优化施肥方案

Yield effect change of fertilizers in the past 14 years and optimized fertilization of winter wheat in north of China

【目的】通过分析近14年来北方冬小麦肥料产量效应的多点试验数据,明确北方冬小麦产量变化特征及肥料产量效应,为该区冬小麦养分管理和合理施肥提供科学依据。【方法】通过我国北方冬小麦区2002—2016年96个定位监测试验,研究小麦地力产量和肥料农学效率变化趋势;通过120个田间肥料效应的检验试验,研究不同时段和不同施肥水平时氮、磷、钾在冬小麦上的产量效应;以肥料农学效率变化和施肥产量效应为依据,通过24个田间试验对习惯施用的复合肥配方进行田间校验,提出相应的节肥增效建议。【结果】1) 2002—2016年间,北方冬小麦区的土壤供肥能力呈逐渐增加的趋势,其平均地力产量自2002年的4721 kg/hm^2增加到2016年的5828 kg/hm^2,年均增加1.6%。施肥能显著增加小麦产量,但施肥增产率从2005年后呈下降趋势,由2005年的30.9%下降至2016年的20.2%。2) 2002—2016年,肥料的农学效率呈下降趋势,由2002年的9.0 kg/kg下降至2010年的6.7 kg/kg,2010年后维持在6.3~6.7 kg/kg。3)基于不同时段氮、磷、钾在冬小麦上的产量效应函数计算出经济施肥量,其中2002—2006年间,最高产量的N、P2O5、K2O施用量分别为180.5、107.4、55.9 kg/hm^2;经济最佳用量分别为167.8、102.5、53.7 kg/hm^2;经济合理用量(R=0.1)分别为155.5、99.9、52.8 kg/hm^2;2012—2016年间,最高产量的N、P2O5、K2O施用量分别为184.3、125.1、52.4 kg/hm^2;经济最佳用量分别为171.7、118.5、48.6 kg/hm^2;经济合理用量分别为159.2、114.9、47.0kg/hm^2;优化复合肥N–P2O5–K2O配方为1 6–2 0–8,比常规原配方减少氮磷钾总用量的1 2.0%。【结论】从2002年到2016年,北方冬小麦区土壤地力产量逐渐提高,虽然施肥仍有显著增产效果,但增产率和农学效率呈逐渐降低的趋势,2016年施肥增产率为20.2%,肥料农学效率维持在6.5 kg/kg。北方冬小麦N–P2O5–K2O优化配方为16–20–8,推荐施肥方案为:基肥该配方肥600 kg/hm^2,追施氮69 kg/hm^2。

【Objectives】Clarifying the winter wheat yield change and the effect of fertilization will set up a fundamental basis for scientific nutrient management in the winter wheat production in north of China.【Methods】Ninety-six localized field experiments were carried out,in which the treatments were all composed of no fertilizer control and conventional fertilizer rate,and the yield effect and agronomic efficiency of N,P and K fertilizers of winter wheat were investigated.The fertilizer optimization experiments were carried out in 120 sites,using local winter wheat cultivars and fertilizers as tested materials.The experiment used split plot design,with the main factor of different levels of N,P and K,and the secondary factor was high,middle and low levels of the other two nutrients.The yield effects of N,P and K were calculated,and the recommended rates were proposed.【Results】From 2002 to 2016,the supply capacity of soil nutrients were kept increasing.The average soil fertility yield increased from 4721 kg/hm2 in 2002 to 5828 kg/hm2 in 2016,with an average annual increase of 1.6%.Application of N P K fertilizers significantly increased wheat yield,however,the yield increase rate became lower with diminishing returns(quadratic equation of one variable),the growth rate decreased from 30.9%in 2005 to 20.2%in 2016.The agronomic efficiency of NPK decreased from 9.0 kg/kg in 2002 to 6.7 kg/kg in 2010,and remained at 6.3–6.7 kg/kg after 2010.Based on the yield effect function of N,P and K in different periods,the calculated average N,P2O5 and K2O rates for maximum yield were 180.5 kg/hm2,107.4 kg/hm2 and 55.9 kg/hm2,and for the economic yield were 167.8 kg/hm2,102.5 kg/hm2 and 53.7 kg/hm2,and for the reasonable yield were 155.5 kg/hm2,99.9 kg/hm2 and 52.8 kg/hm2,and the optimized formula was 18–18–8 in 2002–2006.The average rates of N,P2O5 and K2O for the maximum yield in 2012–2016 were 184.3 kg/hm2,125.1 kg/hm2,52.4 kg/hm2,for economic optimal yield were 171.7 kg/hm2,118.5 kg/hm2 and 48.6 kg/hm2,and for the reasonable yield were 159.2 kg/hm2,114.9 kg/hm2 and 47.0 kg/hm2,and the optimized formula in 2016 was 16–20–8,the total nutrient input was reduced by 12%,compared with the original formula.【Conclusions】From 2002 to 2016,the supply capacity of soil nutrients is kept improving in the main winter wheat yield areas in north of China.The yield increase rate and the agronomic efficiency are decreased,in spite of the significant yield effects.The averaged fertilizer yield increase rate is about 20.2%,and the agronomy efficiency is maintained at 6.5 kg/kg in 2016.The proposed regional compound fertilizer formula of winter wheat is 16–20–8,the recommended total base NPK fertilizer nutrient rate is 600 kg/hm2,and top-dressing rate is N 69 kg/hm2.