土地神的“二元结构”及其再创作——印尼棉兰华人地主公和拿督公信仰的比较分析

Dual Structure and Re-creation of Earth Deities:A Comparative Study of Dizhu Gong and Datuk Gong in the Indonesian Chinese Community in Medan

论文分析了印尼棉兰的族群文化背景与华人社会概况,阐述了棉兰华人的地主公信仰与拿督公信仰二元结构的表征、形成的基础、现实意义,以及这种二元结构在政局变动和社会融合过程中的调适。研究显示,印尼棉兰华人家宅内外常见的两种土地神——地主公和拿督公,在苏哈托时期结成了以一系列“唐(华人)-番(本地人)”族属特征为标志的二元结构。到了后苏哈托时期,伴随着印尼国家政策的调整和地方社会族群关系的变动,信仰个体开始结合自身的经验和认知对结构内部的二元进行并置、连结和局部融合等“再创作”实践。通过个案研究,论文认为,采用“关系—结构式”的土地神研究视角和跨地域的比较视角,有助于更加细致精微地认识不同地区华人移民社群各自特殊的发展进程,进而深化学界对华人社会—文化机制的整体性理解和把握。

In Southeast Asian ethnic Chinese societies,earth deity beliefs are usually linked with ethnic interactions and Man-Land relationships.Different from previous discussions about a certain earth deity or public earth deities,the author found,based on the field investigation data,that two kinds of household earth deities——Dizhu Gong and Datuk Gong have formed a set of dual structure which is marked by a series of“Tang(Chinese)—Fan(Local ethnic groups)”ethnic characteristics during the Suharto era.However,in the post-Suharto period,with the adjustment of Indonesian government policies and changes in local ethnic relationships,belief practitioners began to combine their own experience and cognition to juxtapose,connect,and partially merge the two parts within the structure as“re-creation”practices.The case study in this paper suggests that the“relational-structural”perspective and cross regional comparative perspective can help us understand the special development process of Chinese immigrant communities in different regions more profoundly and subtly;only in this way can we explore the Chinese holistic social-cultural mechanism.