四子合传与黄老“黜儒”——《史记·老子韩非列传》的文本解读层次

Four Scholars in One Article and Criticizing Confucianism of Huang Lao

《史记·老子韩非列传》的史料,有两种文本解读层次:一个是《史记》记录的老子、庄子、申不害、韩非等四子所处时代的“原始”史料;另一个是司马迁以其所处时代形成的结论性语言赋予该传的“当代”史料。而若从第二个层面解读该传,可知将四子合传,除了他们“本于黄老”“原于道德”的共同点,还有本传所称的“黜儒”一面,但司马迁在《太史公自序》与“太史公曰”中对“黜儒”不置一词,显示他对四子“本于黄老”的格外强调。这种做法,具有调和儒家与黄老关系的作用,有利于“黜儒”之四子学说在汉代的继续传播。

There are two levels of interpreting the texts of Laozi and Han Fei Biographies in the book of Shiji(Historical Records,by Sima Qian of the Western Han Dynasty),one was“original materials”of Laozi,Zhuangzi,Shen Buhai and Han Fei in the Pre-Qin Dynasties,the other was“contemporary materials”written by Sima Qian with the conclusive words formed in his time.Four scholars were written into one article because they had the same ideas such as Huang Lao,Dao and De,criticizing Confucianism,etc.However,Sima Qian kept silence about criticizing Confucianism in the Taishigong Preface and“Taishigong Words”because he wanted to emphasize Huang Lao,which reconciled the contradictions between Confucianism and Huang Lao and helped ideas of four scholars be accepted easily.