试论奥斯曼帝国金融体系的近代转型

Modern Transformation of the Finance System in the Ottoman Empire

长期以来,人们认为,伊斯兰国家信贷发展缓慢,甚至停滞,但研究表明,奥斯曼帝国金融业高度发达,而且还发展出与有息贷款功能相同的商业技术,以逃避法律的制裁。到了19世纪,帝国财政需要,欧洲贸易与商人融资的需求等因素使奥斯曼引进了西欧的一套金融体系,并经历了西欧国家控制金融发展的过程。后来,在土耳其青年党时期发展出一批由国内资本集团控制的一些区域性的银行,并建立了具有央行性质的奥斯曼国家信贷银行。奥斯曼帝国金融体系的这一近代转型历程,既是传统金融实践发展的自然结果,又受西方的影响。这一近代转型本质上是内生型的。

For a long time,the credit industry in Islamic countries have been considered to develop slowly or even stagnantly.The study has shown that the Ottoman financial industry is highly developed,and it has developed the same commercial technology as interest-bearing loans to evade legal sanctions.By the 19th century,the financial needs of the empire,the requirements of trade with Europe,the demand for merchant financing and other factors led to Ottoman's introduction of a set of financial systems in Western Europe,and experienced the process of Western European countries controlling financial development,and then the development of the Turkish Youth Party.A number of regional banks controlled by domestic capital groups were established,and the Ottoman National Credit Bank with the central bank was established.It can be said that the modern transformation of the Ottoman financial system is basically endogenous,which is both a natural result of the development of traditional financial practice and influenced by the West.