我国政府数据的法律属性与开放之道

The Legal Attribute and Open Way of Government Data in China

我国政府数据的开放实践已有数年,但整体效果却不尽人意,厘清政府数据的法律属性与权属、在精细化区分的基础上确定“服务”与“经营”相容的开放模式,是当下政府数据开放研究的重要任务。数据的价值性、可控性与独立性使其成为一项新财产类型。从国有财产理论来看,政府数据是由地方政府拥有的一项重要财产,其因使用目的、方式和范围不同而对应不同的法律属性、适用不同的制度规则:供内部公务使用时属于“公用物”、公共开放时属于“公共用物”、商业化经营时属于“国有私产”,由于数据易复制的特性,这些不同使用状态可同时并存。为了避免政府角色混同和职能错位可能给公共利益带来侵害,需在制度上对公共开放与商业化运营进行严格界分。

The practice of Open Government Data(GD) in China has been for several years, but the overall effect is unsatisfactory.It is an important task to clarify the legal attributes and ownership of GD and identify an open mode compatible with "service" and "profit" on the basis of fine distinction.From the point of view of state-owned property theory, GD is an important property owned by local governments, which corresponds to different legal attributes and different rules according to different purposes, modes and scope of use, such as "official goods" for internal official use, "public goods" for public opening, and "government private property" for commercial operation.Due to the easy replication of data, these different usage states can coexist at the same time.In order to avoid the confusion of government roles and the dislocation of government functions that may infringe on public interests, it is necessary to make a strict distinction between public opening and commercial operation in the system.