生态增量维度天然林资源保护工程效益评价研究

Study on Ecological Benefit Evaluation of Natural Forest Protection Project in Ecological Incremental Dimensions

以生态增量为切入点,对1998—2018年黑龙江重点国有林区天保工程实施期间的资源增量和生态增效水平进行评价分析。结果表明:天保工程实施以来,黑龙江林区获得较高水平的资源增量和生态增效,但森林资源增量水平不稳定,不利于提升林区的生态增效能力;森林管护、工程造林及森林抚育是提升天保工程资源增量和生态增效的重要措施;天保工程促使林区形成包含林种结构和林龄结构在内的新资源格局。因此,围绕改善天保工程生态产出,寻求在新林种结构和新林龄结构下的天然林资源经营管理适配机制,协调新时期天然林用途管制与适度产业发展间矛盾,探索未来天然林保护事业发展等问题提出了解决思路。

⑴Background——The Natural Forest Protection Project has been implemented for 20 years.This paper carried out the evaluation and analysis of the project's effectiveness at the critical time when the second phase of the project is about to be completed.On the one hand,this study can fully affirm the remarkable benefits of the national ecological engineering construction,on the other hand,it also helps to summarize the implementation experience of the project and provide inspiration for the protection and restoration of natural forests after 2020.⑵Methods——Taking the ecological incremental research as the starting point innovatively,this paper analyzed the increase in the natural forest resources and the level of ecological efficiency,based on the survey data and official statistical data of the basic resources of the key state-owned forest areas in Heilongjiang from 1998 to 2018.The increase above the analysis mainly included the changes in the natural forest resources and the output of the ecological benefits during the implementation of the forest natural protection project.⑶Results——Since the implementation of the natural protection project,a high level of resource increment and ecological efficiency have been achieved,including the forest coverage rate of Heilongjiang forest region has increased by 3.2%,and the area and accumulation of natural forest resources have increased significantly.However,the growth of forest resources in Heilongjiang forest region is unstable,and the growth potential of forest resources is insufficient.Although the cumulative forest tending and engineering forest volume in Heilongjiang forest region increased year by year from 1998 to 2010,the trend of change was small.The management and cultivation of forest resources has become a key factor in improving the ecological efficiency of the project since 2011.And the mountain closure for afforestation and deforestation has been the important auxiliary measures to improve the ecological efficiency of the Natural Forest Protection Project.Since 2002,the resource area and proportion of natural forest resources of young and middle-aged natural forests have shown a downward trend,which had a potential negative impact on improving the ecological efficiency potential of the Natural Forest Protection Project.During the implementation of the project in the Heilongjiang Forest areas from 2002 to 2014,the outstanding feature of the changes in the structure of forest resources was that the scale of non-harvested forest species dominated by shelterbelt and special-purpose forest increased greatly,and gradually occupied the absolute dominant position among all kinds of forest species in the forest region.The comprehensive logging ban policy tried out in 2014 and the“Natural Forest Protection and Restoration system Plan”issued in 2019,all clearly put forward the need to strengthen the use control of natural forest resources.Therefore economic forests made way for the ecological construction of forest areas.The proportion of mature and over-mature natural forests in Heilongjiang forest region has increased,which has a negative impact on the ecological efficiency of the Natural Forest Protection Project.⑷Conclusions and Discussions——First,the stability of resource output represented by forest growth is poor,which challenges the sustainable improvement of its ecological efficiency and potential by relying on the natural protection project.Second,in the process of relying on the natural protection project to achieve ecological output,improve ecological efficiency and speed up the ecological construction of forest areas,it is particularly necessary to fully establish a comprehensive measure system.Third,the Heilongjiang forest region has formed a resource pattern with significant ecological efficiency potential by relying on the natural protection project for many years.Fourth,It is worthy of deeply considering how to solve this contradiction in order to weaken the potential impact of over-mature forest on natural forest ecosystem.