卫生防疫与殖民权力:德占时期青岛的疫情防控

Epidemic Prevention and Colonial Power:the Prevention and Control of Epidemic Situation in Qingdao under German Occupation

德国占领青岛时期,疫病种类多,发生频率高,威胁着德国的殖民统治和青岛的社会经济发展。殖民当局融疫情防控与殖民地建设于一体,通过军事化管控、区隔化防控和意识形态控制等手段,将殖民权力制度化、生活化和合理化。卫生防疫成为殖民权力扩张的一种重要途径,而具有强制性和支配性的殖民权力裹挟着进化论、种族优越论等,使得许多防疫举措并非完全出于疫情防控的需要,虽然在一定程度上改善了青岛整体的卫生状况,但制造了新的有失公平正义的社会问题。因此,殖民者崇信和推广的卫生“现代性”,实则是科学、理性、强权、社会区隔和社会失衡等的杂糅体系。

There were many frequent communicable diseases in Qingdao during the German occupation period, which threatened German colonial rule and the socio-economic development of Qingdao.The colonial authorities amalgamated the prevention and control of epidemic situation into the construction of colony, institutionalized, routinized and rationalized colonial power by martial administration, separate control of different races and ideological control. Epidemic prevention multiplied colonial power, and many measures of epidemic prevention did not tally with the spread features and law of communicable diseases and caused new unfair and iniquitous social problem because of the mandatory and dominating colonial power along with social Darwinism and racialism, although they improved public hygiene in Qingdao to a certain degree. Therefore,modernity of public hygiene which was believed in and popularized in Qingdao by colonists,actually was a mixture of science, rationality, hegemony, social segregation and imbalance.