民法典中的动产和权利担保体系

Security Interests System over Movables and Rights in the Chinese Civil Code

为了解决中小企业融资难、融资贵的问题并优化营商环境,民法典对我国的动产和权利担保相关制度进行了重大改革,具体而言可分为六个环环相扣的步骤:消灭隐形担保、建立统一的人的编成主义的登记簿、构建统一的担保物权优先顺位规则、扩张正常经营活动中的买受人规则的适用范围、合并浮动抵押与一般动产抵押的登记对抗规则、引入超级优先权规则。这一改革对物权理论影响深远:证明了在物权与债权之间存在稳态的、有意义的中间状态;修正了物权公示原则,应摒弃“全有或全无”式的表述,重新定义为“公示范围之所在,对抗效力之所及”;修正了物权客体特定原则,即物权的客体并不要求一开始就特定,只要执行时特定即可。

In order to tackle financing difficulties faced by SMEs and optimize business environment,the Chinese Civil Code has carried out major reforms on the security interests system over movables and rights.Specifically,the reform is divided into six interlocking steps:(a)eliminating invisible security interests;(b)establishing a register for movables and rights security interests,which is a person-based registration;(c)establishing a unified rule of priority for security interests;(d)expanding the scope of application of“the rule of buyer in ordinary course of business”;(e)combining floating mortgage and general chattel mortgage in the registration confrontation rules;and(f)introducing purchase money security interest(super-priority).This reform has a profound impact on the theory of real rights.Firstly,it proves that there is a stable and meaningful intermediate state between real rights and claims.Secondly,it revises the publicity principle of real rights by discarding the expression of“all or nothing”and replacing it with that of“the effect of confrontation extends to wherever the publicity extends”.Finally,it revises the object-specific principle of real rights,so that the object of real rights does not need to be specific at the beginning,as long as it is specific at the time of execution.