规训与控制:17世纪中后期英格兰海员状况与政策探析

Discipline and Control:The Analysis of the English Seamen’s Condition and Policy in the latter half of the 17th Century

海员是近代英国崛起的根源性人力基础。借助17世纪后半叶的三次英荷战争,英格兰挫败了荷兰,一跃成为欧洲海上强国。在此期间,为提高海军的战斗力,官方在大力招募海员的同时,亦在海员制度的构建上出台了若干政策,包括1652年的《战争条令》和1661年的《海军纪律法案》等。从内容上看,它们主要包括海员的征募、其义务的制定,以及薪酬福利制度等内容,表明了英格兰在海员管理领域的不断完善和发展,海员在社会中的地位也因之有所提高。政策本身及其执行中的若干现象,体现了政府对海员严密的人身与思想控制。尽管这一时期的英国海员制度由于各种原因,仍存在若干缺失和纰漏,但与其他国家相比,还是较为领先的。同时,政策中体现的一些思想和原则,对当时以及后世英国海军的发展也产生了深远影响。

Depending on the three-times Anglo-Dutch War in the latter half of the 17th century,England,replacing Holland,became a power in maritime military and trade.England,in order to enhance its maritime power,conscripted seamen and introduced some policies on the personnel system,including the The Articles of War in 1652 and Navy Discipline Act in 1661,etc.Those regulations contained the seamen’s conscription,the obligation in war and the wage and welfare,indicating the advancement in seamen management.Seamen’s social status also uplifted with that.However,some problems occurred as well,such as the difficulties in pressing and the delay of paying,which to some extent deteriorated seamen’s morale.Despite some flaws and mistakes,England’s seamen management still took advantage of its peers in that era.Besides,some principles and thoughts were positive to the future development of its navy.