“改变这个世界”:“自由社会主义者”博比奥政治思想片论

“To Change the World”:Fragments on the Political Thought of“Liberal Socialist”Norberto Bobbio

居于当代西方政治话语谱系之自由左派的诺尔贝托·博比奥,可谓20世纪下半叶意大利思想界的一位标志性人物。作为一位百科全书式的思想家,博比奥博采众长,融会贯通,将欧陆和英伦政治文化中的诸多元素创造性地综合起来,将哲学、法学、政治学、历史学与社会学中的诸多品质有机打造为一体,并秉承源自先辈马基雅维利的意大利政治现实主义传统,回应20世纪诸多时刻性政治事件,形成了自身独特的兼具规范性与实证性的思想体系,并以一种介入性知识分子的立场针砭时弊,甚至亲身参政议政,是沉思性与行动性思想家之合体的典范。在政治思想领域,博比奥终其一生都在用思想和行动捍卫民主的“游戏规则”,陈述民主的最低限度定义,为左右夹击中的自由民主申辩;同时他主张优化现代民主的品质,扩大民主惠及的畛域,实现民主“未完成的承诺”,对西方民主理论及实践贡献巨大,可与熊彼特、达尔和萨托利等民主理论大师并驾齐驱。博比奥在政治思想领域的另一个突出贡献在于,他将自由主义和社会主义这两大看似冲突与对立的思潮以一种非凡的方式进行糅合,因此被视为继戈贝蒂、罗塞利等之后意大利“自由社会主义”思想的集大成者。

As a liberal left in contemporary western political discourse genealogy,Norberto Bobbio is widely recognized as a symbolic figure of Italy intellectual circle in later half 20th Century.As an encyclopedic thinker,Bobbio learned widely from other scholars’strong points,achieving mastery through a comprehensive study of the subject,combining political culture elements in continental Europe and UK creatively,bringing characteristics in Philosophy,Jurisprudence,Politics,History and Sociology in an organic way,adhering to the political realism tradition originating from Italian predecessor Machiavelli,reacting to the numerous monumental political events in 20th Century,and finally constructing his distinctive knowledge system be both normative and positive,besides,he condemned the social abuses as an engaged intellectual,even participating into and deliberating on politics himself,he is a model as the fusion of contemplative and practical thinker.Concerning Bobbio’s political thought,he defended all his life with thought and action democracy’s“rules of game”,elaborating the minimal definition of democracy,apologizing for liberal democracy stuck in middle by left and right wings,meanwhile,he proposed to optimize the qualities of modern democracy,extending democracy’s coverage,fulfilling the“unfulfilled promises”of democracy,contributing a great deal to the theory and practice of western democracy,on a par with such heavyweight democracy theorists such as Joseph Schumpeter,Giovanni Sartori and Robert Dahl.Another distinctive contribution made by Bobbio to political thought realm is that he endeavored to converge the seemingly contrary and conflicting Liberalism and Socialism in an outstanding way,therefore be dubbed as a synthesizer in the line of Italy“Liberal Socialist”thinkers initiated by Gobetti and Rosselli.