马克思法哲学批判的完成与“无产阶级”的出场

The Appearance of the Proletariat in Marx's Critique of Philosophy of Law

马克思早期主要从事的是法哲学批判,在1844年后则转向了政治经济学批判,这一转折的重要标志就是《〈黑格尔法哲学批判〉导言》一文。马克思哲学研究者基本上都认为他通过此文“突然”宣告了“无产阶级”的“出场”。事实上,这种“突然”的背后,彰显的是马克思思想发展的必然逻辑。马克思在开始从事理论研究之初,就力图解决观念与现实之间的关系问题,可以说这一问题规定了马克思思想发展的基本走向。在深受黑格尔影响甚至在最初接受费尔巴哈思想之时,马克思曾把理论视为实践,似乎通过理论的批判就可以解决现实的问题。而在他到达巴黎之后,通过研究和观察当时的社会主义、共产主义理论与实践,他的思想面貌发生了改变,提出“理论必须走向实践”,并要求理论掌握群众,进而将无产阶级确立为担负人类解放的历史主体。“无产阶级”的出场,既是马克思法哲学批判的重大成果,也是其所达到的最远之处。为了进一步探究无产阶级的历史地位和作用,分析它所受到的社会历史条件尤其是客观经济结构的制约,马克思才开启了政治经济学批判这一致思路向。

Before 1844,Marx mainly engaged in the critique of the philosophy of law,but after that date,he turned to the critique of political economy.An important mark of this turning point is his Introduction to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Law,and many researchers generally agree that it is here that Marx suddenly raised the idea of“the proletariat”.However,behind this“suddenness”lies the inevitable development of his own thinking.At the beginning of his theoretical research,Marx tried to solve the problem of the relationship between concept and reality,a problem that determined the developmental direction of his thinking.This first appearance of the notion of the“proletariat”not only marks a significant achievement in his critique of the philosophy of law,it also shows the extent to which this critique can extend.This paper intends to examine how Marx explored the historical status and role of the proletariat and analyzed the social and historical conditions to which it is subject,especially the constraints of the objective economic structure,as he began his work on the critique of political economy.