决胜攻坚阶段农民合作社精准扶贫的困境和出路

The Difficulties and Solutions of the Farmers’ Cooperatives’ Targeted Poverty Alleviation at the Decisive Stage

农民合作社具有"天然的益贫性",是脱贫攻坚的中坚力量,但在精准扶贫中陷入绩效减弱的困境,表现为两类现象:扶贫资源供给不匹配导致的浪费、低效;扶贫资源使用不当、盈余分配不公造成的效果减弱。这一困境的原因多样,其中关键是精英俘获,它使合作社内形成"非对称性合作关系",阻碍了扶贫功能的发挥。在农民分化的大背景下,"精英领办"成为合作社的主流组建方式,社员异质性在短期内亦不会改变,故要想摆脱困境,就必须发挥精英积极性的同时抑制精英俘获。结合国情,建议完善贫困户利益诉求机制;使贫困户与精英社员利益同构;建立政府、社会、合作社在内的多方监督体系;发挥农村基层党组织的引领作用;以及整治、预防"空壳社"。

Farmers’cooperatives have a natural advantage in benefiting the poor,which make them important platforms and backbone for precision poverty alleviation.While,they face the dilemma of performance weakening in this work.For example,there is a mismatch between poverty-relief resources and poor households’needs and capacities,as well as the difficulty of making resources act on poor households accurately and efficiently.The key reason is the elite capture caused by the heterogeneity of the cooperative members,which will lead to"asymmetric cooperation"and the alienation of cooperatives’functions.Since the reality of elite-led organization way and member heterogeneity cannot be changed in the short term,this paper holds that the breakthrough lies in preventing elite capture.Accordingly,some recommendations are made,such as perfecting the interest claim mechanism of poor households,making the interests of poor households and elite members isomorphic,strengthening comprehensive supervision system,exploring the role of rural grassroots party organizations,as well as renovating and preventing the"empty shell cooperatives".