两性离子聚合物材料杀菌/抗黏附功能自适应转化的设计策略

Strategies in the Design of Zwitterionic Polymer Materials with Self-adaptive Transition Between Bactericidal and Anti-adhesive Functions

两性离子聚合物结构中同时存在阴离子基团和阳离子基团,具有高度的水化能力和良好的生物相容性,被广泛应用于抗污、药物载体、污水净化以及抗凝血材料等领域。基于两性离子聚合物开发智能转化型聚合物,目前已成为智能响应抗菌的重要研究方向之一,其核心是在两性离子聚合物上引入响应型基团,使聚合物在感知外界条件刺激后发生自适应转变,从而在“阳离子态”与“两性离子态”间按需切换。相比于传统的阳离子类抗菌聚合物,智能转化型两性离子聚合物抗菌材料主要有以下两个优点:一是无细菌滋生时聚合物保持良好的生物相容性,不会对正常组织细胞造成损伤,而发生细菌感染后聚合物在外界刺激下自适应调整为杀菌状态,甚至在完成杀菌后可通过调控关闭抗菌状态;二是将两性离子聚合物固定在基底材料表面后,可以防止细菌、蛋白和其他污染物在表面黏附,从而避免抗菌表面的抗菌效果降低甚至消失。本文综述了智能转化型两性离子聚合物抗菌材料的研究进展,阐述了构建外源性响应和内源性响应聚合物抗菌材料的主要策略,探讨了智能抗菌材料在阳离子态和两性离子态之间转换的机理,并介绍了智能转化型两性离子抗菌剂在抗菌材料领域的应用,最后对两性离子聚合物抗菌材料的未来发展进行了展望。

Zwitterionic polymers contain both anionic and cationic groups and exhibit strong hydration and good biocompatibility,which have been widely used in antifouling,drug carriers,sewage purification,anticoagulant materials and other fields.Self-adaptive materials based on zwitterionic polymers have become an important research direction for smart antibacterial area.The core design of smart zwitterionic polymers is introducing the responsive groups to their structure,rendering the transition between cationic state and the zwitterionic states under different external stimuli.Compared with the traditional antibacterial cationic polymers,the smart self-adaptive antibacterial zwitterionic polymers have the following advantages.First,self-adaptive zwitterionic polymers exhibit a good biological compatibility to normal tissue and cells under physiological conditions,automatically switch into a bactericidal state when bacteria infection occurs,and even the bactericidal state can be accordingly turned off.Second,zwitterionic polymer immobilizing on substrate can prevent the bacteria,protein and other contaminants from adhering to the surface,to avoid the reduction or even disappearance of the antibacterial functionality.In this review,the progress of the antibacterial zwitterionic materials with self-adaptive transition is reviewed.The main approaches to design such smart antibacterial materials responding to exogenous and endogenous stimuli are described,the conversion mechanism between cationic and zwitterionic states is also discussed,and the applications of zwitterionic materials in antibacterial area are introduced.Furthermore,the future development of zwitterionic antibacterial materials are prospected.