校园欺凌治理的“三驾马车”——对挪威校园欺凌防治制度与实践的考察

The Governing"Troika"of School Bullying:Investigation on the Norwegian Policies and Practices against School Bullying

挪威是最早对校园欺凌进行防治干预的国家,也是国际上欺凌防治经验和研究的主要输出国。从治理理论的视角对该国欺凌防治政策、制度和措施进行系统梳理,可以发现挪威政府主要通过法治系统、赋能系统和绩效监督系统三大功能系统来实现有效治理。法治系统为地方政府、学校、校长和教师授予校园欺凌防治的事权,建立清晰的责任链条和问责机制。赋能系统从知识、工具和资源三方面为基层欺凌防治工作全面赋能。绩效监督系统通过国家基础教育质量监测来获得全国校园欺凌的一手数据,基于数据对各地的校园欺凌治理工作进行业务督导和绩效考核。三个功能系统像“三驾马车”一样拉动着整个校园欺凌综合治理体系不断进阶发展,社会各界、各级政府、研究机构、学校和家庭则以不同的功能角色参与到这个治理体系中,形成多元共治的治理格局。

Norway is the first country to intervene in the school bullying and also the main exporter of bullying prevention research and experience in the world.A systematic review of Norwegian bullying policies,institutions and measures with the governing theoretical perspective,reveals that the Norwegian Government has constructed a complex anti-bullying working system,which includes three sub-systems,the legal system, the empower system,and the accountability system.The legal system has authorized local governments,schools,principals and teachers the legal right to prevent and intervene in school bullying and established the chain of responsibility and accountability mechanisms.While the empower system fully empowers the school bullying prevention from three aspects:knowledge,tool and resource.The accountability system is based on the national basic education quality monitoring system to obtain the firsthand data of school bullying,which is the evidence base for central government to evaluate the local governments’ efforts in bullying prevention.The three systems act like the "troika" pull the whole comprehensive system against school bullying to a new height.The public,governments,research institutions,schools and families participate in the whole working system against bullying with different functional roles, which presents a multi-governance pattern.