从脚色制到名角制:近代京剧戏班薪酬分配的困境与转型

From All Roles to Famous Actors:Dilemma and Transition of Pay Distribution in Modern Jingju Troupes

脚色制组班方式实际上是中国传统戏剧演出市场不发达时期的产物,是受经济因素的制约而选择的一种低成本戏班体制。在京剧发展过程中,每一次营业戏薪酬分配方式的变革都体现了戏班管理体制和经营方式的发展与演变。在演出市场尚不发达、营业收入较低的阶段,营业戏薪酬分配主要以公平为原则,注重伶人之间收入的平衡,以保障每位伶人的基本生活。随着演剧商业化的发展,京剧演出市场逐步扩大,通过戏园上座率的对比,名伶已经意识到自身独特的商业价值,此时,脚色制组班的弊端已经越来越明显,于是一种新的组班方式——名角挑班制呼之欲出。

The role system was actually the product of an underdeveloped market of traditional Chinese Xiqu.It was a low-cost troupe system resulted from financial restrictions.In the history of Jingju,every change of the pay distribution mode in the troupe reflected the development and evolution of its management and operation.When the market of performance was underdeveloped and the income was low,fairness was taken as the primal policy of pay distribution,with an emphasis on the balance of pay among actors to ensure the basic living of each member.With the commercialization of performance,the market of Jingju has gradually expanded.By comparing the rates of attendance in the Xiqu theatre,famous actors have realized their commercial value.At this time,the disadvantages of the role system have become increasingly obvious,and famous actor system as a new way of troupe organization was coming out.