社会阶层、代际流动与婚姻匹配

Social Class,Inter-generational Mobility and Marriage

本文综合运用当代中国生活史与社会变迁调查(LHSC)和中国综合社会调查(CGSS)数据,考察了个人的自致阶层、先赋家庭阶层,以及代际社会流动对其婚姻匹配的影响。研究发现,阶层影响上,个体获得较高地位的配偶越来越依赖于自致阶层地位,家庭背景的影响逐渐减弱。然而,家庭阶层地位在新近的世代中会显著影响自致阶层地位较低者的婚姻匹配,存在"补偿效应":即较高的家庭阶层有助于自致阶层较低者获得更高阶层的配偶,这表明婚姻匹配上的经济理性和功利性不断增强。代际社会流动的影响上,研究发现了代际社会流动反向影响婚姻匹配模式的现象,但是这种影响会因不同的性别、城乡群体而异。那些经历了代际向上流动的城市男性更可能向下婚配,经历了代际向下流动的城市女性和农村男性更可能向上婚配;而经历了代际向上流动的农村女性既可能向上婚配,也可能向下婚配,这可能是源于代际社会流动距离的差异。以上结果表明,即使子代较之父代实现了代际向上流动,也较难巩固流动后的地位,而是会在婚姻匹配上出现某种程度的社会阶层回归。同样,那些经历了代际向下流动的个体,也可以凭借家庭背景的优势,通过婚姻匹配来重返原生社会阶层。由此,婚姻匹配在一定程度上对社会分层的固化起到了推波助澜的作用。

This paper comprehensively uses the survey of contemporary Chinese life history and social change(LHSC)and the data of Chinese General Social Survey(CGSS),to examine the effects of self-induced class,family class and intergenerational social mobility on marriage.The study found that the influence of class influence,the spouse who obtains higher status rely more on self-made class status,and the influence of family background gradually weakens.However,the status of family class in recent generations will significantly affect the self-induced lower class status of marriage matching,and there is a"compensation effect",i.e.the higher family class helps the lower class to obtain a higher level spouse,which indicates the continuously enhancing economic rationality and utility of marriage matching.On the influence of intergenerational social mobility,the study found that intergenerational social mobility has a reverse influence on marriage matching patterns,but this influence will vary according to different gender,or urban and rural groups.Urban men who experience intergenerational mobility are more likely to marry downward,while urban women and rural men who experience downward intergenerational mobility are more likely to marry upward.While rural women who experience intergenerational upward mobility are more likely to marry both upward and downward,which may be due to the difference of intergenerational social mobility distance.The above results show that even if the offspring could attain the intergenerational upward flow compared to its father generation,it is difficult to consolidate the post-flow status,but will appear a certain degree of social stratum return in marriage matching.Similarly,individuals who have experienced intergenerational downward mobility can be reintegrated into their native societies through marriage matching,depending on their favorable family background.Therefore,marriage to a certain extent to can enhance the solidification of social stratification.