江淮地区稻–麦周年产量差及其与资源利用关系

Yield gaps of rice–wheat double cropping and its relationship with resource utilization in Yangtze-Huaihe Rivers region

江淮地区是我国水稻和小麦重要的生产基地,明确该地区不同产量水平之间的差异特征及形成机制,探索区域粮食生产的限制因子,可为缩减江淮地区周年产量差的技术途径提供科学依据和参考。本研究以稻–麦周年生产体系为研究对象,定量分析不同产量水平田块之间的产量差与气候影响因素。结果表明,江淮地区水稻、小麦及周年农户水平与试验水平和高产纪录间存在显著的产量差,分别为3315.9、1537.5、4645.6 kg hm–2和7498.6、3977.9、9840.9 kg hm^–2。水稻、小麦及周年农户水平较试验水平还有46.2%、29.7%和37.3%的增产潜力,较高产纪录还有104.5%、77.0%和79.0%的增产潜力。每穗粒数是造成水稻产量差的主要因子,穗数和每穗粒数是造成小麦产量差的主要因子。与农户水平相比,水稻试验水平和高产纪录的穗粒数分别增加30.4%和116.1%;小麦试验水平和高产纪录的穗数和每穗粒数平均分别增加40.9%、70.0%和21.8%、19.6%。缩小产量差水稻主要依赖于增加每穗粒数,小麦靠穗数和每穗粒数的协同提高。生育期累积辐射和积温较低是导致水稻产量差异的主要气候因素,而生育期降雨过多是导致小麦产量差异的主要气候因素。根据研究提出了“强稻稳麦”是提升江淮地区周年粮食生产的有效途径。

The Yangtze-Huaihe rivers region is an important production base of rice and wheat in China.It is necessary to clarify the differences and formation mechanism between different yield levels in the region,and to explore the limiting factors for regional grain production,which can provide scientific basis and reference for the management practices to reduce the annual yield gap in the Yangtze-Huaihe rivers region.Based on annual rice–wheat production situation,crop yield was divided into three different levels,farmer yields,experimental yields and high record yields.Yield gaps and the climate factors of different yield levels were quantified.Results showed that there were significant differences between farmer yields and experimental yields,high record yields of rice,wheat and annual in the Yangtze-Huaihe rivers region,which were 3315.9,1537.5,and 4645.6 kg hm^-2,7498.6,3977.9,and 9840.9 kg hm^-2,respectively.Compared with the experimental yields,the farmer yields of rice,wheat and annual had yield increase potential of 46.2%,29.7%and 37.3%,and 104.5%,77.0%and 79.0%in comparison with the high record yields,respectively.The number of grains per spike was the main factor resulting in the yield difference in rice,and the grain numbers per spike and the number of spikes contributed to the yield difference in wheat.Compared with the farmer average yield,the grain numbers per spike of rice in experimental yields and high record yields were increased by 30.4%and 116.1%,respectively;the spikes and grain numbers per spike of wheat were increased by 40.9%,70.0%and 21.8%,19.6%,respectively.Reducing the yield gaps mainly depended on increasing the grain numbers per spike for rice,and synergistic improvement in the number of spikes and the grain numbers per spike for wheat.Cumulative radiation and low accumulated temperature during the growth period were the main climatic factors affected rice production,while excessive rainfall was the main climatic factor affected wheat production.The results suggested that in order to strengthen rice production and stabilize wheat production was an effective way to increase the annual grain production in the Yangtze-Huaihe rivers region.