寒地早粳稻“一早三抗”新株型育种理论与实践

Theory and Practice for the“One Early Maturing and Three Resistances”New Plant Type Breeding of Early Japonica Rice in Cold Region

黑龙江省寒地早粳稻生产和育种中存在着生育期短难创高产、稻瘟病和低温冷害频发难以稳产、倒伏严重品质和效益难以提高等问题,导致日本品种长时间占主导地位,严重威胁着我国的粮食安全。为促进水稻安全绿色优质生产,本研究提出了寒地早粳稻“一早三抗”新株型育种理论及技术体系,培育了以龙粳31为代表的系列品种,验证此理论和技术体系在寒地早粳稻育种中的可行性。结果表明:在“一早三抗”新株型育种理论指导下和技术体系的支撑下,培育出的品种在生产上发挥了巨大作用,从小区到大面积水稻产量提高了6.9%~13.4%,抗稻瘟病性和抗冷性明显增强,品质明显提高,推广应用面积大,其中龙粳31一个品种最大年推广面积达到112.8万hm^2,2012-2016年连续5年居全国第一,2019年种植面积67.8万hm^2又居全国第一位,成为全国历史上粳稻年种植面积最大的品种,是2001年以来我国年种植面积最大的水稻品种。

There were many problems for the breeding and production of early japonica rice in cold region of Heilongjiang Province,such as planting rice in cold region with short growth period led to the difficulty in creating higher yield,frequent occurrence of rice blast and chilling damage led to the difficulty in stabilizing yield,lodging led to the difficulty in improving the quality and efficiency of rice,which had led to the dominance of japanese rice varieties for a long time,and seriously threatened the food security of our country.In order to promote safe,green and high-quality rice production,in this study,theory and technical system for the“one early maturing and three resistances”new plant type breeding of early japonica rice in cold region was put forward,and a series of rice varieties represented by Longjing 31 was cultivated,which verified the feasibility of this theory and technical system for early japonica rice breeding in cold region.Practice has proved that the cultivated early japonica rice varieties in cold region have played a great role in production under the guidance and support of the new plant type breeding theory and technology system.Rice yield increased by 6.9%-13.4%from the plot area to the large area.Blast resistance and cold resistance of rice were significantly enhanced.Quality of rice was significantly improved,and the application area became large.Among them,the maximum annual extension area of Longjing 31 was 1.128 million hm^2,ranking the first in China for five consecutive years from 2012 to 2016.In 2019,the planting area of Longjing 31 was 678000 hm^2,ranking the first in China that is the largest rice variety planted in China since 2001.Longjing 31 has become the largest annual japonica rice variety in China's history.