未成年人民事行为能力制度的价值转向及完善

The Value Turn and Improvement of the Legislation on Civil Capacity of Juveniles

为了与国际上未成年人权利保护的发展趋势相适应,我国民事立法在未成年人民事权益保护制度上,也应完成从以往比较偏重对未成年人财产利益的保护到对未成年人的财产利益和意志独立性并重同时兼顾保护相对人交易信赖利益的变化过程。我国当前的未成年人民事行为能力制度尚存在一些问题,如将无民事行为能力人所为的民事行为一概认定为无效值得商榷,无民事行为能力制度中的监护人应享有追认权;八周岁以上不能辨认自己行为的未成年人适用无行为能力人的规定不尽合理;限制民事行为能力制度中民事行为的效力待定制度也有待完善;未成年人责任能力与行为能力存在脱钩等。建议在完善相关制度时取消无民事行为能力制度而将“三分制”改为“二分制”,将限制行为能力人实施行为的法律效力由“效力待定”改为“可撤销”,以识别能力作为未成年人承担民事责任的条件,对纯获利益行为的认定标准予以明确和细化。

Following the global developing trend of protection of juveniles rights,our civil legislation should transfer its focus from property protection to the comprehensive protection of property,independent will of juveniles and reliance benefit of counterpart transaction.There are some drawbacks in our present civil legislation.For example,legal actions of juveniles with no civil capacity should not be confirmed invalid without exception;the guardian of juveniles with no civil capacity lacks in right of ratification;it is unreasonable that the juveniles over 8 years are seen as persons with no civil capacity if they cannot recognize effects of their actions.In order to solve these problems,the system of no civil capacity should be cancelled and replaced by limited capacity.Meanwhile,legal effects of civil actions of juveniles of limited capacity should be changed from being uncertain to being revocable.