不同细胞来源外泌体在骨科退行性疾病中的研究进展

Research progress of exosomes derived from different cells in degenerative diseases of orthopedics

外泌体是一种由细胞分泌至胞外的膜性囊泡样微体。外泌体在以骨关节炎(osteoarthritis,OA)和椎间盘退变为主的骨科退行性疾病的诊疗中具有应用价值。包括间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cell,MSC)在内的多种细胞来源的外泌体具有抑制软骨细胞退化、促进再生等作用。其中研究最为广泛的是MSC来源外泌体,其优点在于细胞来源丰富、产量较高、易获得。而软骨细胞外泌体内的微小RNA(microRNA,miRNA)表达谱与其亲本细胞存在显著差异,提示其在软骨分化和维持内稳态也具有重要作用。正常髓核细胞来源外泌体可促进MSC迁移及向髓核细胞定向分化,炎症下的滑膜细胞外泌体还可成为加重软骨退变的因素。本文通过对不同细胞来源外泌体在骨科退行性疾病中的研究进行综述,为该类疾病的诊断和治疗带来新的思路。

Exosomes are membranous vesicle-like microbodies secreted from cells.Exosomes have application value in the diagnosis and treatment of orthopedic degenerative diseases,mainly osteoarthritis and intervertebral disc degeneration.Exosomes of various cell sources,including mesenchymal stem cell(MSC),can inhibit chondrocyte degeneration and promote regeneration.Among them,MSC derived-exosomes are the most widely studied,which have the advantages of abundant cell resources,high yield,and easy access.The expression profile of microRNAs(miRNA)in chondrocyte exosomes is significantly different from that of its parent cells,suggesting that exosomes secreted by chondrocytes play an important role in chondrogenic differentiation and maintenance of chondrocyte homeostasis.In addition,exosomes derived from normal nucleus pulposus cells can induce migration and differentiation into nucleus pulposus cells of MSC.In some cases,exosomes from synovial fibroblasts under inflammatory microenvironment may also be a contributing factor for the cartilage degeneration.This article reviews the studies on exosomes from different cell sources in orthopedic degenerative diseases,which might bring new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases.