北冰洋200海里外大陆架划界主张之比较分析

DELIMITATION OF THE CONTINENTAL SHELF BEYOND 200 NAUTICAL MILES IN THE ARCTIC OCEAN

截至2020年,环北冰洋5国中除了尚未批准《联合国海洋法公约》的美国外,其余4国均提交了涉及北冰洋的200海里外大陆架划界案。其中俄罗斯、加拿大和丹麦基于北冰洋海底脊状隆起主张了大范围的大陆架,若全部主张获得大陆架界限委员会认可,那么北冰洋国际海底区域将所剩无几。而北冰洋地质构造的特殊性,在适用《联合国海洋法公约》第76条时存在诸多不确定因素,从而导致外部界限存在多种可能。通过《联合国海洋法公约》第76条、大陆架界限委员会《科学和技术准则》以及审议划界案的实践,比较分析北冰洋沿海国大陆架主张;基于对罗蒙诺索夫脊和阿尔法-门捷列夫脊的科学研究,认为洋脊规则应谨慎适用;北冰洋沿海国将大陆架问题区域化也将产生不利影响。

As of 2020,four of the five countries surrounding the Arctic Ocean,excluding the United States,which has not yet approved the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,have introduced submissions for the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles(M)in the Arctic Ocean.Among them,Russia,Canada,and Denmark have laid claims to large continental shelf areas based on the large-scale submarine features in the Arctic Ocean.If all claims were approved by the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf,there would be very little international seabed area left.However,considering the particularity of the geological structure in the Arctic Ocean,there are many uncertainties in the application of Article 76 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,resulting in multiple possibilities of outer limits.In accordance with Article 76 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,Scientific and Technical Guidelines of the Commission,and with consideration of practices on the delimitation of the continental shelf,for this manuscript,comparative study was carried out on the continental shelf claims of coastal states in the Arctic Ocean.Based on current scientific research on the Lomonosov Ridge and the Alpha–Mendeleev Ridge Complex,it is suggested that the ridge issues within Article 76 should be applied with caution.The issue of regionalization of the continental shelf by the coastal states of the Arctic Ocean will likely have a negative impact.