中国文学表达方式之流转与写人传统之形成

The Circulation of Chinese Literary Expression and the Formation of Character Description Tradition

文学创作往往依据某种文类或文体特征而借助或匹配相应的表达方式,这些定式的表达方式往往会随着历代运用及认知状况而形成相应术语流转或更新。大致说,“赋比兴”三法最初是古人根据《诗经》文本而归纳出来的诗歌表达方式,并衍生出“铺写”“比象”等写人笔法;后来,随着抒情性“诗骚传统”与叙事性“史传传统”的并行互融,不仅确立了“抒情”的主体地位,而且包括“状物”在内的“叙事”也备受重视,于是“赋比兴”诗法便逐渐流转为“抒叙议”(抒情、叙事、议论)文法。在此前前后后,又随着诗与画、诗与文、小说与画等文类互渗互动的文本创构,本原于绘画理论中的“描写”逐渐由隐而显,加入“抒叙议”文学文本创构俱乐部,并时常与“叙述”相依为命。至明清时期,风起云涌的戏曲小说往往将叙事与写人兼顾。先前的各种文学写人文本,此时再度被纳入人们的视野,被运用写人理论展开回溯性地重新审视。诗骚、辞赋、绘画以来的写人传统得以越来越清晰。同时,传统写人理论也相应地愈发显示出其谱系性,并在中国文艺理论史上自成一脉。

Literary creation often depends on a certain genre or stylistic features with the help of or matching with the corresponding expressions.These fixed expressions often form the circulation or renewal of the corresponding terms with the use and cognitive status of the past dynasties.Generally speaking,the three methods of Fu Bi Xing were the poetic expression methods summarized by the ancients according to the text of The Book of Songs,and derived the writing techniques of“spreading writing”and“comparing images”;later,with the parallel and mutual integration of“Shi and Sao”lyrical tradition and“Shizhuan”narrative tradition,not only established the main position of“lyric”,but also“narrative”including“things”.Therefore,“Fu Bi Xing”gradually changed into“lyric,narrative and argumentation”grammar.Before and after this,with the interaction of poetry and painting,poetry and literature,barnyard and painting and other literary categories,the“description”originally in the painting theory has gradually changed from implicit to obvious,and has joined the literature text creation club of“lyric discussion”,and often depends on“narration”.In the Ming and Qing Dynasties,the dramatic novels which are popular in China tend to give consideration to both narration and writing.At this time,all kinds of previous human writing texts have entered people s vision,and have been re-examined retrospectively by using the theory of character description.The tradition of describing people has become more and more clear since poetry,Ci Fu and painting.At the same time,the traditional theory of character description also shows its genealogy more and more,and has formed its own vein in the history of Chinese literary theory.