不同运动方式对大脑结构及认知功能的调节作用及差异

Regulation and difference of different exercise styles on brain structure and cognitive function

背景:大脑认知灵活性、工作记忆及长期记忆等高级认知功能在20岁后呈现随年龄增加而逐渐衰退趋势,且这些老化现象亦通常伴随着诸如尾状核、小脑半球、侧前额叶皮质及海马回等大脑结构区域的缩减。健身运动被广泛证实可通过影响体内神经递质表达水平和延缓大脑部分功能区萎缩,从而增进大脑的认知功能。目的:探讨不同运动类型与大脑结构及功能间的关联性,以有氧、无氧及协调性运动归类方法进行分析,并从功能性MRI影像、神经内分泌及事件关联电位等角度揭示健身运动介入的效益,梳理出健身运动与认知功能关联的理论基础体系。方法:通过文献回顾方式以MRI及脑波等为主要手段探讨了健身运动对大脑结构以及功能的影响,以"exercise,executive function,cognitive function,brain plasticity,brain-derived neurotrophic factor,运动,执行功能,认知功能,脑可塑性,脑源性神经营养因子"在Web of Science、Elsevier SDOL、PubMed、Ovid Medline、CNKI中文资料总库和万方数据知识数据平台的文献数据库进行检索,并根据研究需要确立相应的入选标准,对最终所得文献进行筛选。结果与结论:①高体适能水平或有规律健身运动者的海马回、前额叶以及基底核等脑区体积较大;②健身运动对大脑结构(海马回与记忆、空间记忆,纹状体与反应抑制能力等)所关联的认知功能间的正向关系,间接支持健身运动对此3种结构的正面效应;③健身运动对不同年龄阶段健康人群和儿童以及老年认知障碍人群的执行功能均有改善效益,以上改变可能与健身运动促进脑功能区血量和胰岛素样生长因子1、脑源性神经营养因子等内分泌物质增加有关。

BACKGROUND:Advanced cognitive functions of the brain such as cognitive flexibility,working memory and long-term memory decline gradually after the age of 20,and these aging phenomena are usually accompanied by shrinkage of brain structural regions such as caudate nucleus,cerebellar hemisphere,lateral prefrontal cortex and hippocampus.Fitness exercise has been widely proven to improve cognitive function of the brain by affecting the expression of neurotransmitters in the body and delaying the atrophy of some functional areas of the brain.OBJECTIVE:To explore the association between different exercise types and brain structure and function using aerobic,anaerobic and coordinated motion classification methods,reveal the benefits of fitness intervention from the perspectives of functional magnetic resonance imaging,neuroendocrine and eventrelated potentials,and sort out the theoretical basis system of the association between fitness and cognitive function.METHODS:This article reviewed the effects of fitness exercise on brain structure and function by means of neuroimaging and brain waves.Web of Science,Elsevier SDOL,PubMed,Ovid Medline,CNKI and WanFang were searched for relevant literature using the keywords of"exercise,executive function,cognitive function,brain plasticity,brain-derived neurotrophic factor"in English and Chinese,respectively.Inclusion criteria were formulated according to the research needs,based on which,the literatures were finally screened.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:People with high fitness level or regular fitness exercise have larger brain regions,such as the hippocampus,prefrontal lobe and basal nucleus.The positive relationship between fitness and cognitive function associated with brain structures(hippocampal gyrus and memory,spatial memory,striatum and response inhibition ability)indirectly supports the positive effects of fitness on these three structures.Fitness exercise can improve the executive function of healthy people at different ages,children and elderly people with cognitive impairment.The above changes may be related to the increase of blood volume in brain functional areas and the increase of endocrine substances such as insulin-like growth factor 1,brain-derived neurotrophic factor.