消除种族歧视委员会国家间来文机制及其运行实践

Inter-State Communication Mechanism of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination and Its Running Practice

消除种族歧视委员会是人权条约机构中第一个启用国家间来文机制的机构。一般而言,人权条约机构的国家间来文机制具有明显的政治性色彩,而消除种族歧视委员会的国家间来文机制还具备强制性和广泛性的特点。基于对《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》和消除种族歧视委员会国家间来文机制的程序规则等文件的梳理,加之对三个国家间来文的处理流程的分析,本文研究了该委员会在适用国家间来文机制时具体的工作程序。文章重点分析了消除种族歧视委员会对国家间来文管辖权和可受理性决定中的两个争议焦点,即基于国籍的歧视是否为公约所禁止的歧视行为和缔约国之间的条约关系是否为管辖权建立的前提条件。从消除种族歧视委员会特别是关于巴勒斯坦诉以色列国家间来文的决定来看,这次国家间来文机制的尝试很明显反映了消除种族歧视委员会的政治考量超过了法律上的严谨,对传统国际法的国家同意原则构成了挑战。

The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination(CERD)is the first among the human rights treaty bodies which received the inter-state communications.Generally speaking,the inter-state communication procedure of the human rights treaty bodies is hard to avoid political influence,while the procedure of CERD is also compulsory and extensive.Based on the review of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and the procedural rules of the inter-state communication procedure of CERD,as well as the analysis of the processes of three inter-state communications,this article summarizes CERD’s specific work-flow for the inter-state communication procedure.It touches upon two important points of disputes in CERD over the jurisdiction and admissibility of the three communications,namely whether discrimination based on nationality is prohibited by the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination,and whether the treaty relationship between the States parties is a prerequisite for jurisdiction.From the perspective of CERD,especially from its decision regarding Palestine v.Israel,it paid more attention to political considerations compared with legal rigor,which challenged the traditional international law and principle of state consent.