论控枪问题的人权属性

On the Human Rights Nature of Gun Control Issue

如何看待控枪问题的属性在人权理论方面存在一定的争议,对这个问题的不同回答也构成了中国和美国人权话语的一个重大分歧。对于国际人权法规定的生命权,虽然欧洲人权法院的解释仍然基本坚持传统立场,但联合国人权事务委员会却倾向于将其解释为缔约国负有包括控枪义务在内的一般性实现义务。传统人权理论只注重公民权利和政治权利所蕴含的尊重和保护义务而忽视包括控枪在内的促进和实现义务,这在实践和理论上具有重大的缺陷,会导致包括生命权在内的诸多公民权利和政治权利无法得到全面的保护。我国多年来对于美国枪支暴力犯罪属于美国重大人权问题的指控,不仅可为控枪问题在国际人权论坛上的主流化提供强有力的支持,而且会对现代国际人权理论的进一步完善产生一定的激励作用。

It is controversial in human rights theory that whether gun control should be regarded as a human right issue.Different positions towards this question reflect a deep division between human rights discourses in China and in the United States.While the UN Human Rights Committee tends to read the right to life in international human rights law as a right imposing the States parties a general obligation to facilitate and fulfil,including the obligation of gun control,the European Court of Human Rights thinks otherwise.There is a major deficiency in traditional human rights theory which focuses only on the obligations of States parties to respect and protect civil and political rights while neglecting their obligations to facilitate and fulfill these rights with measures like gun control.This fact makes it hard to provide complete protection for the civil and political rights including the right to life.The frequent accusations made by the Chinese government towards the serious gun-related crimes as a major human rights issue in the United States have provided a strong support for the mainstreaming of the gun control issue and can play a facilitating role towards the improvement of modern international human rights theory.