重审周秦变局下的《学记》教育目的论

Rethinking the Theory of Educational Purposes in the Confucian Record on the Discipline of Education under the Changes of Zhou and Qin Dynasties

周秦之际的政治与思想剧烈变化,各家学派都有自己的思考。面对即将产生或已经产生的法家主导的大一统国家形态,儒家的《学记》则以教育应对周秦变局。《学记》以"托古"的方式构建了一套奉儒学为官学正统、以中央集权官僚制为特征的学校教育体系。建立这种教育体系有两个目的:一是通过礼治"化民易俗",建立一个内在于百姓日用伦常的道德规范和社会秩序;二是学以存道,以王道政治建立君主统治和文官治理的合法性基础,为儒生塑立"道高于政"的精神气节以匡扶政治正义。因此,在思想上,《学记》体现出变私学为官学正统的明确意识;在制度上,《学记》则表现为儒家教育的建制化发展与选官制度的结合;二者共同开启了中国古代文教政策与文官制度的基本格局。

The Zhou(1046 BC-256 BC)and Qin(221 BC-206 BC)dynasties witnessed drastic changes in politics and schools of thought. The Confucian Record on the Discipline of Education,a response to the forthcoming or existing form of Legalists-dominated Great Unity,dealt with the changes through education during these periods,and by means of old tradition-inherited reforms,constructed a network of schooling featured by viewing Confucianism as the orthodox government-administered learning and following a centralized bureaucracy,to achieve such purposes as establishing a moral code and a social order inherent in commoners’ daily life by "indoctrinating commoners and changing customs" through rituals,and building a legitimate regime for monarchy and the civil government through kingship politics,thus creating the spirit of "Daoism over politics" to support political justice. Therefore,ideologically,the Confucian Record on the Discipline of Education embodied a clear idea of changing private learning into the orthodox government-administered learning;institutionally,the Confucian Record on Documents reflected a combination of the development of Confucian education and the building of the system for officials selection;both of them started the basic patterns of cultural and educational policies and the civil officials system in ancient China.