晚清浙江省松阳县的家族、士绅与科举宾兴

Lineages, Gentry and Imperial Examination Foundations in Songyang County, Zhejiang Province in Late Qing China

清嘉道以降,东南地区涌现大量资助科举旅费的宾兴会社,有些属资助本籍士子的公益组织,有些则是资助捐资者后人的互助组织。浙江松阳县文公祠宾兴依靠城乡各界捐资,保证紫阳书院的开销,余款则资助捐资者后人的科举旅费。随着互助属性淡化,在太平军侵扰之下,文公祠陷入负债窘境,后通过重申互助性,重回正轨。有赖于传统教育与科举制度的共生关系,文公祠提供了一个兼具"公益性"和"互助性"的科举宾兴案例。

Since the Jiaqing and Daoguang Reigns in the Qing Dynasty,a large number of imperial examination foundations (binxing) were set up in southeast China to support the travel expenses of provincial and metropolitan exam candidates.Some foundation were "public welfare" organizations that supported all local students;others were "mutual aid" organizations that only supported offspring of foundation contributors.This article combs through the history of Wengong (Zhuxi) Temple,in Songyang County,Zhejiang Province,and finds that people in both urban and rural areas actively participated in the process of fund raising.The Wengong Temple fund guaranteed the expenditure of the Ziyang Academy first,and the travel expenses for the descendants of those contributors second.But the attribute of mutual aid gradually faded,and all local scholars received "allowances".In the Xianfeng and Tongzhi Reigns,the Taiping Army invaded Songyang county and caused huge property losses,consequently the Wengong Temple was deeply in debt.To this end,managers reiterated the principle of ’mutual aid" to get Wengong Temple back on track.So,this case study shows that imperial examination foundation could have both "public welfare" and "mutual aid" attributes because the traditional education and the imperial examination system remained in a symbiotic embrace.