论殷金文的特征体系

On The Feature System of the Yin-Dynasty Bronze Inscription

过去研究殷代金文,关注和考察的是族徽、日名、征人方等具体现象,现在有必要对既有成果进行系统概括和总结。殷金文的特征体系,应分三个层面认识:从社会组织角度看,族徽是家族标识,日名代表家族祖先与祭祀对象,子与小子是族长和分族长;从国家形态角度看,王、王妇、王子居于社会顶层,王朝职官以小臣、寝、、作册为特色,赐贝是最重要的政治运作机制;从文化特性看,大事纪时与周祭纪日是历法特色。西周早期,殷金文的上述特征体系仍普遍存在于周王朝内外服区域有铭青铜器材料中,穆王以后才式微消失。

Based on the previous academic achievements on the Yin cultural symbols such as the clan emblem(族徽),the name after Day(日名),the war conquering the Ren fang nation(征人方),and some other commonly used words and phrases which reflect the features of the Yin culture,the thesis summarizes the features of the Yin bronze inscriptions systematically from three perspectives:By social organization,the clan emblem(族徽)is viewed as the family logo;the name after Day(日名)stands for the family ancestors and sacrificial objects;Zǐ(子)’and Xiǐozǐ(小子)’are the titles addressed to the patriarch and sub-patriarch respectively.By national ideology,kings(王)’、kings’wives(王妇)、princes(王子)’have the highest social status.The royal officials are titled with Xiǐochén(小臣),Qǐn(寝),and Zuòcè(作册).Cìbèi(赐贝)functions as the most important mechanism of political operation;By cultural characteristics,a series or list of major events and periodic sacrifice rituals make a calendar.The above Yin feature system was widespread in the inscribed bronze vessels across the State of the early western Zhou Dynasty till King Mu’s reign that followed.