陕西黄帝陵的“九州之势”及其规画

The Jiuzhou Structure and Spatial Planning of the Huangdi Mausoleum in Shaanxi Province

黄帝陵是中华文明的精神标识,研究黄帝陵的空间格局和平面规画对于揭示其文化根源和空间秩序至关重要。梳理黄帝陵的营建历程,分析建成环境要素与自然山水要素的空间关系,实证表明黄帝陵的空间格局符合汉代形法的"九州之势",且九宫格局的尺度和方向均受制于山川的尺度和走势,揭示了黄帝陵的整体空间格局及其文化内涵。

The Huangdi Mausoleum in Shaanxi Province is the spiritual identity of the Chinese civilization,so it is very important to study the spatial pattern and planning process so as to reveal its cultural root and spatial order.Existing studies on the Huangdi Mausoleum focus mainly on themes such as Huangdi culture,Huangdi memor ial and construction history of the mausoleum and temple.In terms of the spatial form,relevant studies lay particular emphasis on the analysis of the spatial sequence and axis arrangement of the buildings,lacking a quantitative analysis of the overall space formed by the natural landscape and the built environment.As a cultural landscape shaped by both manpower and nature,the Huangdi Mausoleum is located on a unique natural base,and has been transformed into an integrated environment consisting of mountain,water,tomb,temple and city,after two thousand years’s construction and repair which can be traced back to the Hanwu Emperor.Spatially,the built elements and the natural elements of the Huangdi Mausoleum do not only share a common axis system,but also conform to the series of distance with 1/4 Hanli(about 105 m)as the common divisor.As a very important concept of planning and design in ancient China,Xingfa(Principle of Form)recorded in Hanshu·Yiwenzhi is a kind of methodology related to number.In terms of Xiangdi(land identification),it is to judge the good or ill luck related to the distribution or layout of cities by distinguishing the topography and natural resources in the world,in order to identify the suitable area for human settlement.The key point is to illustrate the the Jiuzhou structure,namely,to analyze the specific form and momentum of the space in different geographical scales ranging among world,region,and city,using the pattern of Nine Squares in order to lay the foundation for site selection and layout of cities or buildings.Jiuzhou(Nine Squares)was originally a method to observe land and settle people in small ancient settlements by dividing the habitable land into nine districts,which were extended to the dividing of the world.According to the theory and practice of Xingfa in the Han Dynasty,it can be inferred that the spatial correspondence and distance relevancy between the natural and built elements of the Huangdi Mausoleum result from construction consciously abiding by the planning and design method in ancient Chinese of illustrating the Jiuzhou Structure to build cities or buildings.It is a system nested by a small Nine Squares Pattern with half a li(210 m)as the unit and a large Nine Squares Pattern with one and a half li(630 m)as the unit,which is exactly in line with Zou Yan's Big Nine Continents Model and the Nine Continents Model for Building the City.The scale and direction of the Nine Squares Pattern are subject to those of the mountain and river,which may be the reason why the Jiuzhou Structure has been continued and improved by successors.To the world,Huangdi(the Yellow Emperor)is the hero of the Five Emperors era,unified the tribes of the Yellow River Basin,and belonged to the first contributor of the Chinese civilization.From the point of view of cultural connotation,the method of building the mausoleum in accordance with the Jiuzhou Structure fits well with the connotation of Huangdi culture.The Huangdi Mausoleum is a planning heritage embodying Chinese planning wisdom.It is recommended to follow the Jiuzhou Structure in the current planning and construction,and scientifically and rationally choose the location,orientation and scale of new structures,so as to continuously improve the spatial quality of the Huangdi Mausoleum and enhance the holiness of the land.