长江流域水工程联合调度方案的实践与思考——2020年防洪调度

Practice and reflections on joint operation scheme of water projects of Changjiang River Basin:flood control and water projects operation in 2020 flood

自2012年起,长江流域逐年编制水工程联合调度方案,结合多年的研究和调度实践经验不断扩展纳入调度的水工程范围,并对调度方式进行滚动优化,目前已成为长江流域实时防洪调度管理的重要非工程措施。2020年,长江流域发生了有记录以来仅次于1954年、1998年的流域性大洪水。在流域水工程联合调度方案的指导下,根据洪水特性和防洪形势,采取了以三峡水库为核心,联合上中游水库群、洲滩民垸、排涝泵站等多种水工程的联合调度方式,成功应对了2020年5次干流编号洪水。但是,随着长江流域控制性水利工程的不断建成投运,沿江排涝规模不断发展、洲滩民垸和蓄滞洪区社会经济发展变化、水工程调度运用对洪水演进特性及河道槽蓄的改变,以历史典型设计洪水为研究形成的调度方案无法完全涵盖实时调度面对的水雨情工情组合以及洪水特性,因此,2020年实时调度对方案进行了科学合理的拓展运用。根据2020年洪水期间长江流域水工程联合调度方案的运用情况,梳理了不同洪水情况下水工程联合调度运用方式和调度效果,对比分析了编制的水工程联合调度方案与实际调度之间的差别,探讨了以三峡水库为核心的水工程联合防洪调度方式的优化空间,提出了进一步完善长江流域水工程联合调度方案的思路和建议。

Since 2012,the joint operation program of water projects for Changjiang River basin has been prepared year by year.Combined with the continuous in-depth research results,the joint operation program has been continuously expanded and updated with more water projects involved and optimized operation methods.It has become the key non-engineering measures for real-time flood management of Changjiang River Basin.In 2020,Changjiang River experienced large river basin floods,the third largest flood only less than 1954,1998.Under the guidance of the basin joint operation program of water projects,and based on the flood characteristics and flood control situation,the Three Gorges Reservoir played a core role,and jointly operated with various types of water projects such as the reservoirs from upper and middle streams areas,the floodplain areas,the drainage pumping stations,and the detention basins etc.The joint operation of all types of water projects had successfully mitigated flood risks of the 5 numbered floods in 2020,and had significantly reduced flood damage.However,during the management practices,it found that due to the changing environments,particularly the completion and commissioning of controlling water conservancy projects in the river,the significant improvement of flood drainage system along the river,the social and economic development of the floodplain areas especially in the detention basins,and the changes of river morphology and flood routing characteristics,the joint operation program of water projects that was developed based on designed flood events,could hardly cover the full combinations of hydro-meteorological conditions and flood characteristics which were far more complicated than the designed floods.In 2020 flood management practices,the joint operation program had been applied but with various modification according to real-time management needs.The paper analyzes the operation scheme and the effects of the application of the joint operation of water projects,special attention is paid to the difference between the joint operation program and the actual operation.Discussions and suggestions are made on further improvement of the joint operation program of water projects of Changjiang River Basin.