张家口市崇礼区明长城遗址新发现铁铳研究

A Study on the Iron Blunderbuss Newly Discovered at the Ming Great Wall Site in Chongli District of Zhangjiakou

本文对张家口市崇礼区2016年发现的明代铁铳残件的器类、年代、铭文及所属长城设施进行了考证。通过将残铳的尺寸与明代火器进行比对分析,认为该器属于手铳或佛郎机炮;进而通过对元明时期的手铳与佛郎机炮的类型学分析,结合文献考察,判断该器为明中后期所造之佛郎机炮管,年代不早于嘉靖朝,形制符合明代《西法神机》所描述的"小佛郎机",或《武备志》之"四等佛郎机"。器表铭文表明该器的使用地为明长城宣府镇北路赤城堡辖烽火台松林墩,与正德九年《宣府镇志》记载相吻合。这是目前已知的第三件证明烽火台自名为"墩"的考古证据。其铭文格式、用字与明代火器铭文的一般规范存在差异,有比较明显的地域特色,可能与宣府镇的特殊军事地位有关。

The paper is a study of the type,date,inscriptions of the fragments of the Ming iron blunderbuss found in Chongli district of Zhangjiakou in 2016 as well as the Ming Great Wall tower in which it was armed.By comparing the size of the remnant blunderbuss with other Ming firearms,it is believed that the weapon could be a hand-blunderbuss or Franks cannon(a breech loading quick-firer).Then,based on the related literature and the typological analysis of the Yuan and Ming hand-blunderbusses and breech loading guns,it can be inferred that this blunderbuss was made in the mid-to-late Ming dynasty,not earlier than the Jiajing’s reign,which is conformed to the"Small Franks"in The Western Mysterious Mechanism or the"fourth-class Franks"in The Records of Armament.Accord with the record in the Annals of Xuanfu Post,the inscription on the blunderbuss shows that it was used in Songlindun,which was under the jurisdiction of Chicheng fortress,in the north of Xuanfu post.It should be the third archaeological material to prove that the beacon tower can be called"dun".There are distinctions between the format and diction of this inscription and the general norm of the Ming firearm inscriptions.The obvious regional characteristics might be related to the special military position of Xuanfu post.