世界级冬季两项运动员身体形态、机能和运动素质特征研究进展

Research Progress on Physique,Physical Function and Athletic Quality Characteristics of World-class Biathlon Athletes

采用文献资料法,梳理以“Biathlon”为主题的英文文献,试图揭示世界级冬季两项运动员的专项体能特征,为我国运动员有效备战北京冬奥会提供参考。研究发现:世界级男女冬季两项运动员身材壮硕,且体脂率低;供能形式随比赛地形和阶段发生变化,平地和下坡滑雪、动转静和射击阶段对有氧代谢能力要求高,出发、上坡滑雪、静转动和冲刺阶段以无氧代谢为主;耐力素质是核心,呈现出以低强度为主、中高强度为辅的训练负荷特征,滑雪速度随比赛进程和地形变化,易受地理环境、天气等客观因素影响,力量耐力和爆发力的作用突出,平衡稳定能力有效保障射击命中率。

Through literature review,the paper analyzed papers in English with the theme of“Biathlon”in order to reveal the physical fitness characteristics of world-class biathlon athletes and to provide references for the Chinese athletes,helping them prepare well for the Beijing Winter Olympics.It was shown that:the world-class female and male biathlon athletes were of strong figure and the low body fat rate had an important impact on performance;the form of energy supply changed with the terrain and stage of the competition,and the aerobic metabolism was highly required in the stages of flat and uphill skiing,conversion from motion to motionlessness and shooting,while anaerobic metabolism was the main form in the stages of starting,uphill skiing,conversion from motionlessness to motion and sprint;the training load of stamina was mainly low-intensity,supplemented by medium and high-intensity.Skiing speed varied with the course of the competition and terrainwas easily affected by objective factors such as geographical environment and weather.The function of strength endurance and explosive force was prominent,and the ability of balance and stability effectively ensured the shooting hit rate.