经典名方中车前子基原的本草考证

Herbal Textual Research on Origin of Cheqianzi in Chinese Classical Prescriptions

车前子为临床常用药材,国家中医药管理局会同国家药品监督管理局共同制定公布的《古代经典名方目录(第一批)》中,清心莲子饮、易黄汤和完带汤中有车前子入药。《中华人民共和国药典》(以下简称《中国药典》)2020年版收载车前子来源于车前Plantagoasiatica asiatica L.或平车前P.depressa Willd.的种子。为促进经典名方的合理利用,明确不同历史时期车前子的品种来源和加工方法,对历代车前子药材进行本草考证。通过对历代本草文献中车前子原植物形态描述及其所附药图进行梳理,并结合车前属植物的地理分布、生物学特性及根系、叶形、花序形状、种子大小及颜色等特征,结果表明,在南北朝时期,车前子药材可能来源于车前P.asiatica、大车前P.major和平车前P.depressa等多种植物的种子;唐、宋、明清时期,车前子药材主要来源于车前的种子;平车前的种子在民国时期开始作车前子流通;近代2种都被《中国药典》所收载。考证结果和《中国药典》2020年版的收载存在差异,鉴于车前和平车前2种植物的种子内含物质有所不同,建议经典名方中所使用的车前子均应选择车前的种子。

Plantaginis Semen(Cheqianzi in Chinese),widely used for its abundant resources and obvious efficacy,was first recorded in Shennong′s Classic of Materia Medica.In the catalogue of ancient classical prescriptions(the first batch)jointly formulated and published by the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine and National Medical Products Administration,Cheqianzi is used in Qingxin Lianzi decoction,Yihuang decoction and Wandai decoction.It is recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edition)that,Cheqianzi is derived from the seeds of Plantago asiatica L.and P.depressa Willd.In order to promote the rational use of the classical prescriptions and clarify the origin and processing methods of Cheqianzi in different historical periods,this paper carried out the textual research on Cheqianzi in different dynasties.The results showed that,Cheqianzi in the Southern and Northern dynasties was probably originated from P.asiatica,P.major and P.depressa based on the morphological description of original plant and herb illustrations in ancient herb books.Since the Tang Dynasty,Cheqianzi was mainly derived from seeds of P.asiatica.Then seeds of P.depressa began to be used as Cheqianzi in the Republic of China era,and both of them were recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia in modern times.In view of the textual research results and differences in seeds contents between P.asiatica and P.depressa,it is suggested that Cheqianzi in classical prescriptions should use the seeds of P.asiatica.