我国城镇污水处理厂环境绩效评价研究

Environmental Performance Assessment of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants in China

城镇污水处理厂的运行效果直接影响工业和生活污染源的污染物排放削减控制水平,根据《城镇污水处理厂运营质量评价标准》,从污水处理厂运行、污染物削减、能源消耗和资源利用情况4个方面探讨了全国城镇污水处理厂环境绩效评价方法,并结合第二次全国污染源普查结果,对全国城镇污水处理厂环境绩效进行了评价.结果表明:2017年全国8550家城镇污水处理厂环境绩效平均得分为60.6分,有45.4%的城镇污水处理厂等级评价为较差,有50.9%在一般和较好等级范围内,仅有3.6%的城镇污水处理厂为良好和优秀等级.采用活性污泥法处理工艺、设计处理规模大以及位于华北、东北地区的城镇污水处理厂的环境绩效总体表现较好.59.3%、60.8%的城镇污水处理厂分别在污水处理厂运行和污染物削减情况的得分高于全国平均值,52.4%、81.6%的城镇污水处理厂在污水处理能耗和资源再生利用情况的得分均低于全国平均值.研究显示,相较于污水处理厂运行情况、污染物削减情况,全国城镇污水处理厂的环境绩效水平受能源消耗和资源利用情况的影响较大,建议从提高化学需氧量的进水浓度、实施工艺升级改造、加强再生水利用等方面入手,以提升城镇污水处理厂的环境绩效.

The operation effect of municipal wastewater treatment plants affects the total pollutant discharge control level of industrial and urban pollution sources.According to the objective needs of the environmental management of municipal wastewater treatment plants,combined with Standard for Operation and Maintenance Quality Assessment of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant,the environmental performance evaluation method of municipal wastewater treatment plants is established from four aspects of operation,pollutant removal,energy consumption and resource utilization.Then,quantitative evaluation of the environmental performance of the treatment plants is conducted based on the results of the Second National Pollution Source Census.The results show that the average environmental performance point of 8550 national municipal wastewater treatment plants is 60.6 in 2017,45.4%of treatment plants are at the lowest level,50.9%of treatment plants are in the range of normal and good grades,and only 3.6%of treatment plants are in the good and excellent range.The overall environmental performance is better when treatment plants in the northern and northeastern China adopt the activated sludge treatment processes and have larger treatment scales.59.3%and 60.8%of treatment plants score higher than the national average in terms of operation status and pollutant removal,while 52.4%and 81.6%of treatment plants score lower in terms of energy consumption and resource utilization.Compared with the operation status and the pollutants removal,the environmental performance of municipal wastewater treatment plants is greatly affected by energy consumption and resource utilization.There is still a great potential for improvement by enhancing influent concentration of chemical oxygen demand,upgrading treatment technique and strengthening the use of renewable water resources.