产业发展导向的扶贫与贫弱农户的脱贫门槛:基于农政分析框架的反思

Industry Development-oriented Poverty Alleviation and the Thresholds for the Impoverished Groups: A Critical Agrarian Study

作为精准扶贫的重要举措之一,产业扶贫对贫困户提出了产业参与要求,并辅以一定的产业帮扶,取得了突出成就。但是,在绝大多数贫困人口逐渐摆脱贫困后,剩余贫困人口有较大比例处于贫弱状态,缺乏产业参与和承接产业扶贫资源的基本能力。本文以农政分析框架为基础,结合可行能力理论,通过对家户生计过程的微观定性资料的分析,展现产业发展导向的扶贫方式与部分贫困户能力匮乏状况之间的矛盾。研究发现,部分地区实践中的以产业发展为导向的扶贫不仅不利于可行能力不足的贫弱农户脱贫,反而还可能给他们带来负担,成为他们迈不过的门槛。扶贫政策中的产业发展导向与资源供给结构使能力匮乏的贫弱农户面临扶贫资源获取门槛、产业参与门槛和获利门槛,进而因消费、再生产和积累水平无法提高而面临脱贫门槛。因此,只有从贫困户自身的可行能力出发,才能真正发挥各类贫困户的自主性,在如期实现脱贫目标的基础上,保证扶贫效果的可持续性。

As one of the key measures of targeted poverty alleviation,“the development of local industries”has reached outstanding achievements in the process of eradicating poverty given that it requires poor people to participate in certain industries so as to provide them with relevant support.However,after the vast majority of the poor gradually get rid of poverty,a large proportion of the remaining poor are in a poor and weak state,lacking the basic ability to join in the development of such industries and undertake the relevant poverty alleviation resources.Combining Bernstein’s political economy approach of critical agrarian studies and Sen’s capability approach,this article reveals the incompatibility of industry development-oriented poverty alleviation strategy for some of the remaining poor based on an analysis of the livelihood process of the impoverished households together with qualitative empirical materials.It finds that in some rural areas,poverty alleviation through the development of local industries is not conducive for some poor households to get rid of poverty.On the contrary,it may bring burdens to them and create thresholds that they cannot actually reach.Under the industry development-oriented poverty alleviation strategy and a biased resource provision structure,the impoverished groups with capability deficiency face the thresholds of resources acquisition from,participation in and profit from those industries.Therefore,they would still face the thresholds of poverty alleviation due to the limited improvements in consumption,reproduction and accumulation.In response,the post-2020 poverty alleviation policy should take“capability”into account to fully understand different impoverished groups and stimulate their autonomy and agency respectively,so as to achieve poverty alleviation goals and ensure sustainable livelihoods of the people.