宅基地是如何被集体化的

How Did Rural Homesteads Become Collectivized in the 1960s in China?

与重工业优先发展战略相匹配的农业集体化改造,最初的目标是耕地等生产资料的集体化,然而由于无法解决新增宅基地化公为私的困境,而不得不将宅基地所有权集体化,并由集体解决新增宅基地使用权分配,与宅基地具有类似特征的坟地也基于同样的逻辑被集体化。1956~1962年,宅基地名义所有权的集体化既非自上而下理性设计的结果,也非资源禀赋和技术变化导致的诱致性制度变迁,而是国家理性设计中遇到了难以处理的议题,而不得不进行的制度调整。

The agricultural collectivization,which matched the priority development strategy of heavy industries in the 1960s,aimed to collectivize the means of subsistence including farmland at the preliminary stage.However,it could not solve the dilemma of privatization of newly increased rural homesteads.Therefore,the ownership of rural homesteads had to be collectivized and the use rights of newly increased homesteads were distributed by the rural collectives.This logic was applied to the collectivization of the ownership of rural graves too.The collectivization of the de jure ownership of rural homesteads during 1956-1962 was neither a consequence of top-down rational policy design,nor an institutional change induced by resource endowment and technological transformation.It was an institutional adjustment that had to be made because of the difficult issues encountered in the rational design.