以农地经营权配置与保护为重点的农地制度改革--法国经验与启示

Farmland System Reform Focusing on the Allocation and Protection of Farmland Management Rights:Experiences and Implications from France

为破解农地所有权分散与农业规模经营之间的矛盾,以及为了实现保留家庭经营特征的农业现代化,自20世纪40年代开始,法国围绕农地经营权优化配置与保护不断深化农地制度改革。一方面在农地所有权与经营权两权分置的框架下完善经营权权能、对所有权权能进行规制及对经营权人赋权,包括赋予经营权继承与转让权能、对农地流转的租期和租金进行严格规制、对所有权转让进行规制、赋予经营权人续租权利等;另一方面,长期实施农业结构调整和结构控制政策,以适度规模家庭农场为导向优化农地经营权流动与配置。法国农地制度改革历程与经验为中国提供的借鉴在于:要充分发挥法律制度在改革中的统领规范作用、以经营权优化配置与保护为重点深化农地制度改革、构建保障家庭经营与适度规模经营协调发展的机制、坚持因地制宜和多元主体共同参与治理、促进经营权向年轻农民流转。

Since the 1940s,France has continuously introduced a series of farmland reforms to solve the conflicts between decentralization of farmland ownership and agricultural scale management,and to achieve agricultural modernization while keeping the structure of family farming.Firstly,strict regulations on farmland rental terms and rates have been implemented and farmers have been empowered,so that management rights could be transferred in a long term and in a stable manner.Secondly,structural control policies have been implemented in order to optimize farmland transfer and allocation of land management rights with a view to strengthen the development of moderate scale family farming.The study concludes with some main implications of farmland reform in France for China,such as deepening farmland reform focusing on management rights allocation and protection,constructing mechanisms to ensure the coordinated development of family management and moderate scale management,adhering to local conditions and multi-agents’participation in governance,and promoting farmland transfer of management rights to young farmers.