论先秦的诉讼担保——以出土司法文书为主

Pre-Qin’s Litigation Guarantee:Based on Unearthed Judicial Documents

先秦的诉讼担保因传世史料稀见记录,以往关注较少。从实质功能考察,以往的通说将"束矢""钧金"视为所谓的诉讼费,实际上无法凸显其诉讼担保功能的一面。金文讼辞所见的"誓"、包山楚简司法文书所见的"受"等均涉及了诉讼担保,新公布清华简"成人"篇也有相关论说可相互对读,以上都是传世史籍如《周礼》《管子》《墨子》等相关记载的有益补充。先秦诉讼制度的相关史料记载中尽管无"诉讼担保"之名,但已有"诉讼担保"之实,当时"誓""受"就内涵诉讼担保之能,也有以罚金形式出现的保证金、自愿接受某种刑罚为担保方式等方面内容。通过与罗马法的诉讼担保进行实质功能比较发现,名虽异但实同的现象在所多有,此类史实或应引起我们进一步思考。

The litigation guarantee in the pre-Qin period is rarely recorded in historical data,so there has been little attention in previous studies.The prevailing majority view in the past held that"Shu Shi"and"Jun Jin"are litigation costs,but they have the function of litigation guarantee.The"pledge(Shi)"seen in bronzes,the"League(Meng)"and"Acceptance(Shou)"seen in the judicial documents Bamboo Slips of Baoshan Chu all involve litigation guarantees.The Warring States Bamboo Slips Collected by Tsinghua University(Volume 9)also have related records.The unearthed materials are a useful supplement to the scattered records of ZhouLi,GuanZi,MoZi and other books.It can be seen that although there is no"litigation guarantee"in the historical records of the pre-Qin litigation system,there are practical examples of substantive"litigation guarantee".At that time,the procedures of pledge,league,and acceptance included the ability of litigation guarantee.There are also guarantees in the form of fines and voluntary acceptance of penalties.By comparing the substantive functions with the Roman law litigation guarantee system,we should recognizing the similarity of the law system in early China and ancient Rome.The historical contribution of the early Chinese litigation system should be reassessed.