美国对缅甸战略传播行动的演进与特点

The Evolution and Characteristics of Strategic Communication Operations of the U.S.in Myanmar

作为一种国家行动范式,战略传播在2001年被美国国防部首次正式提出,目的是解决美军在对外军事行动中的公众形象宣传和跨文化沟通问题。在此后的实践中,战略传播概念历经演变和发展,内涵、外延不断丰富和拓展,最终演变成为这样一个概念:通过长期、持续影响关键受众的观念、价值及文化等认识与思维要素,营造有利的话语、信息及知识环境,并最终为实现国家利益服务。2010年,美国《国家安全战略》把战略传播确定为国家八大实力要素之一,并明确规定由总统通过国家安全委员会来协调外交、国防、情报、宣传等国家职能部门。自缅甸独立以来,美国对缅甸的战略传播行动从未停止过,并成为美国争取缅甸民心的基本方式。美对缅的战略传播行动以美国国务院制定的《缅甸综合国家战略》为指导,由美国国际开发署具体负责实施。在传播行动的特征方面逐步形成了体系构建明确、闭合、协调,行动控制持续、渐进、高效,策略选择隐蔽、间接、可信,产品提供及时、充分、精准,话语主导全面、深入、可控等基本特点。通过长期、持续的对缅战略传播,美国取得了提升缅甸民众对美国的亲近感、传播灌输"民主、自由"价值观、成功发现并与关键受众保持接触、影响缅甸国内政治局势、改变缅甸现代社会治理方式等成效,最终保证了美国国家利益在缅甸甚至东南亚地区的实现。

As a national operation paradigm,the Strategic Communication was first formally introduced by the U.S.Department of Defense in 2001,with an aim to address the U.S.military’s public image promotion and cross-cultural communication during foreign military operations.In the 2010 National Security Strategy of the United States of America,the Strategic Communication was identified as one of the eight national strength factors.Since independence,the bilateral relationship of Myanmar and U.S.has experienced several ups and downs.However,the strategic communication operations of the U.S.against Myanmar have never ceased,and have become a fundamental way to win popular support of Burmese.The strategic communication operations of the U.S.in Myanmar are guided by the Myanmar Integrated Country Strategy developed by the U.S.Defense Department,and carried out by the U.S.through long-term sustained strategic communication,the U.S.has been able to enhance the friendliness of Burmese people,spread and instill values such as democracy and freedom,successfully identify and engage with key audiences,influence the courses of the political situation in Myanmar,change modern social governance of the country,and ultimately ensure the effective realization of the national interests of the U.S.in Myanmar and even in the Southeast Asia.