野生动物保护地方立法家长主义与趋同性省思——基于23部省级法规的词频与文本分析

Reflection of Paternalism in Local Legislation for Wildlife Protection and the Convergence: An Analysis of Word Frequency and Text Based on 23 Provincial Laws and Regulations

23部野生动物保护省级立法的904条规定中,义务性词频有1084次,是鼓励性、权利性词频的10倍以上,奖励规定缺失,导致保护主体权利义务失衡。同时地方立法条文重复国家立法,且有相互重复,导致其缺乏地方特色和创制性。新冠肺炎疫情之前,超四分之一的省级立法无涉疫规定。优化路径在于,立法前必要性审查和立法后质效评估。增加奖励性条款至比例不低于10%,借鉴美国《莱西法案》的规定,对举报者的奖励额度,采用执法收入提成,加最低额度保证的模式。地方立法中的创新规定,如将饮食服务部门列为保护职能部门、收缴收容的野生动物放归前检疫、保护主管部门的支持起诉和起诉制度,吹哨人奖励制度等,《野生动物保护法》修订时可借鉴。

Among the 904 provisions of 23 provincial laws on wildlife protection, the frequency of compulsory words is 1084, which is more than 10 times of the frequency of the encouraging words and the words concerning rights. The lack of reward provisions leads to the imbal ance of rights and obligations of the protection subjects. At the same time, the local legislative provisions repeat the contents of the national legislations, they even repeat each other, resulting in the lack of local characteristics and creativity. Before the outbreak of COVID-19, more than a quarter of provincial legislations had no provisions concerning epidemics. The optimization path lies in the necessary review before legislation and the quality and effect evaluation after legislation. The incentive provisions should be increased to no less than 10%. Referring to the "Lacey Act" of the United States, the reward amount for whistleblowers should adopt the mode of deducting a percentage from the law enforcement income plus the minimum amount of guarantee. The innovative provisions in the local legislation, such as listing the catering service departments as the protected functional department, the quarantine before releasing the collected wild animals, the supporting prosecution and the prosecution system of the protection competent departments, and the whistleblower reward system can all be used for reference in the revision of the Wildlife Protection Law.