美国体育课程教学模式的历史演进及其实践启示

A Comprehensive Analysis of the Historical Development of Curricular Models in Physical Education in the United States and Its Implication for Physical Education in China

从18世纪晚期欧洲体操的移入至21世纪初健康优化体育课程(HOPE)的出现,美国体育课程教学模式已有两百余年的历史进程。文章运用文献资料法,从社会背景、哲学思想、政策环境、国家体育教育标准、课程模式结构与内涵五个方面总结其历史演变的内涵。研究结论如下,美国体育课程教学模式的发展与18世纪以来美国社会发展大背景密切相关,特别是19世纪晚期美国体育课程汲取校际间竞赛运动与体育设施运动形成的社会资源取得了体育课程研发历史性的发展。受此影响,美国体育课程教学模式也渐兼具标准化与多样性的特征。终身体能教育模式、运动教育教学模式、游戏性练习和教学比赛教学模式、个人与社会责任教学模式、拓展教育教学模式与团体合作学习教学模式满足课程标准的不同维度,具有运动技能、品质行为教育等不同课程目标的侧重。比较目前中美两国的体育课程教学模式,认为发展体育学科核心素养理念,采用综合的方法提升教育哲学思想的综合性、可操作性,针对体育课程目标有差异性的侧重去适时开发"健康体育课程模式"的实验版本可为我国体育课程教学模式赶超一流创造历史性的机遇。

This paper provided a comprehensive analysis of the historical development of curricular models in American physical education through a literature review in five areas:societal background,philosophies,policies,national physical education standards,and definition and components of curriculum.We concluded that the development of American physical education curricular models has been largely determined by various forces occurred in society at different times since 18 th century.Especially since the late 19 th century,a tremendous growth in American Physical Education Curricular models occurred as a result of the establishment of inter-collegiate competitions and many other social events such as civil rights movement,playground movement,and academic discipline movement.The development of fitness for life,sport education,play practice,teaching personal and social responsibility,adventure-based learning,and cooperative learning model was situated in various societal factors at different times.Each curricular model has its own unique goals and can be used to address one or two national standards.There are some implications for the development of curricular models in Chinese school physical education.First,we should foster an inclusive climate to promote the development of various curricular models to address different national standards.Second,it is recommended that we employ physical literacy as a framework to guide future development and reform for curricular models in China.Finally,any development of new curricular models should be guided by theories and address issues and concerns in today’s society in China.And to timely develop the experimental version of"healthy physical education curriculum model"could create historic opportunities for China’s physical education curricular models development to catch up with or even surpass the world’s first-class.