Organoid technology for tissue engineering

For centuries,attempts have been continuously made to artificially reconstitute counterparts of in vivo organs from their tissues or cells.Only in the recent decade has organoid technology as a whole technological field systematically emerged and been shown to play important roles in tissue engineering.Based on their self-organizing capacities,stem cells of versatile organs,both harvested and induced,can form 3D structures that are structurally and functionally similar to their in vivo counterparts.These organoid models provide a powerful platform for elucidating the development mechanisms,modeling diseases,and screening drug candidates.In this review,we will summarize the advances of this technology for generating various organoids of tissues from the three germ layers and discuss their drawbacks and prospects for tissue engineering.