危机与重校:美国公立学校教师长聘制的法律再造

Crisis and Recalibration:Legal Restruction of Teacher Tenure System in U.S. Public Schools

美国公立学校教师长聘制在近十年经历了复杂的法律再造。少数州撤销了对教师连续聘任的约定义务,废除了教师在解聘时的正当程序权利,以此取消教师长聘制。同时,长聘法律也面临法院违宪审查的风险。为此,多数州重新校准了长聘制的改革目标,从侧重保护教师权利转向提高教师有效性。各州修改长聘法律的重点包括:提高长聘教师的准入要求、厘清解聘理由的法定标准、简化教师解聘的正当程序以及杜绝以资历固化职业保障。我国在构造教师聘任制法律规则时,应将教师考核与退出机制纳入整体性设计,强化规制标准的参照性和关联性。

Teacher tenure system in U.S. public schools went through a complicated legal restruction in the last decade. To abrogate tenure system,some states withdraw their contractual obligation on teacher’s continuous employment,and abolish teacher’s due process right during dismissal. Tenure statute is faced with risk from constitutional review by court. Most states recalibrate reform objective,shifting from protecting teacher’s right to raising teacher’s effectiveness. Revision to tenure statute in states focuses on enhancing entry requirement for tenured teachers,clarifying legal standards of dismissal reason,simplifying due process to dismiss teachers and eradicating solidification to employment security based on seniority. To structure legal rules for teacher employment system in China,it is supposed to take teacher review and exit mechanism into holistic design,especially to strengthen reference and relevance of the regulatory criterion.