从利用到受益:论《民法典》用益物权制度的改革与完善

From utilization to benefit:the reform of the usufructuary right system of"Civil Code"

《民法典》的“物权编”在对《物权法》总体继承的基础上又有所增益,农地经营权的构建、建设用地的规范、居住权的设计等都体现了当代用益物权的价值功能:“利用”、“受益”与“归属”三者的协调统一,其中从利用到单纯的“受益”体现了用益物权财产化的趋向,更加规范的登记确权体系体现了对于权利“归属”的重视。从“地役权”的入律到《民法典》中“居住权”的法律构造,我国用益物权类型正在以一种更加开放与务实的姿态呈现出来,而一些关于增扩物权类型的建议则应置于尊重现实需要、稳定法律关系的角度审慎考虑。

The"real right"of"Civil Code"has been reformed based on the"Property Law."The separation of land management right,the specification of construction land and the design of residence right all reflect the value of contemporary usufructuary right:the coordination and unification of"utilization","benefits"and"attribution".The transition from"utilization"to pure"benefits"reflects the propertilization tendency of the usufructuary right,and a more standardized registration confirmation system reflects the emphasis on the"belonging"of right.From the law of servitude to the legal structure of residence right in the"Civil Code",the types of usufructuary right in China are being presented more openly and pragmatically.Suggestions on expanding the types of property right should be carefully considered from the perspective of respecting practical needs and stabilizing legal relations.