《江防海防图》再释——兼论中国传统舆图所承载地理信息的复杂性

A New Look at the Jiangfang Haifang Tu(Map for Defense of the Yangtze and the Seas),with a Note on the Complexity of Geographic Information as Contained in Traditional Chinese Cartography

与现代标准统一、完全科学化的地图测绘行为不同,中国传统舆图的绘制与使用往往依绘制者和使用者的需要而呈现各种不同的面貌,从而导致很多舆图所呈现的地理信息与绘制时代并不完全相符,甚至会叠加不同时代错综的地理信息,在对传统舆图年代进行判识时,这一点尤其需要注意。以往认为中国科学院文献情报中心所藏《江防海防图》绘于明代后期,但经过仔细考证,可以发现其整体结构、地理信息和绘制技法虽然都源于明代后期的江海防地图,但若干细节证明其绘制于清代初期,从而进一步反映了传统地图绘制、使用和判识方面的实用性与复杂性。

Unlike modern standard,completely scientific mapping behavior,the mapping and use of traditional Chinese maps often present a variety of different appearances depending on the demand of makers and users,which makes the geographic information of a host of traditional maps not completely consistent with their drawing time,sometimes with overlapping geographic information of different eras.This calls for serious attention from scholars when they try to date such maps.The present paper studies the Jiangfang Haifang Tu(Map for Defense of the Yangtze and the Seas)as collected in the Library of Chinese Academy of Sciences.Through detailed studies,it discovers that its overall structure,geographic information and drawing styles all originated from maps of defense of the Yangtze and the seas in late Ming period,while several details prove that the map was drawn in the early Qing.This further testifies to the practicality and complexity in judgment of facts as well as the drawing and use of traditional Chinese maps.