帝国秩序与文学关系——前《楚辞》时代屈原赋的传播、诠释与接受

Imperial Order and Literary Relations:The Spread,Interpretation and Acceptance of Qu Yuan’s Fu in the Pre-Chuci Era

长期以来,屈原赋成为聚讼之的,关于作者、作品真伪争论不休。回到历史场域,坐实早期屈赋接受史,有利于避免在原始材料不足的情况下各说各话,臆测推论。该文从学术史角度,界定概念,正本清源,从最初楚文化的政治影响以及刘安、司马迁对屈赋人、文不同侧重关注与诠释内容,讨论屈赋传播所反映的帝国秩序与文学关系。依据史料,我们可以肯定刘安为《离骚》作传,但通过文本细读与社会学分析,可以发现他的《离骚序》是“以意逆志”,为我所用,完全是道家的内涵。司马迁以文传人,做到了“知人论世”。但与其说他是在写史,不如说他在诠释屈赋。诠释过程中挖掘屈原非儒非道的“怨愤”态度,是对人生的质疑,也是司马迁独立思考与个性体现。虽然他们的诠释存在不足,但与大汉帝国秩序密切相关,他们开启了后世屈赋(包括《楚辞》)研究的路径与方法。

For a long time,Qu Yuan’s Fu(essay in even letters and lines Qufu in short)has become a contentious issue and there are endless debates about the author and the authenticity of his works.To return to the historical field and confirm the acceptance history of early Qu Yuan’s Fu is helpful to avoid ambiguity,guessing and aimless inferring when the original materials are insufficient.From the perspective of academic history,this paper defines the concept and discusses the relationship between the imperial order and literature reflected in the dissemination of Qufu from the political influence of Chu culture and Liu An and Sima Qian’s different attention and interpretations of Qufu himself and his writings.According to the historical data,we can affirm that Liu An wrote commentaries on Lisao.But through close reading and sociological analysis,we can find that his preface to Lisao is“understanding by hearing”,which is completely the connotation of Taoism.Sima Qian praised Qu Yuan with his works and achieved the goal of“discussing the world affair by knowing people”.But he is not so much writing history as interpreting Qufu.In the process of interpretation,it is not only a question of life,but also a reflection of Sima Qian’s independent thinking and personality.Although there are some shortcomings in their interpretations,they are closely related to the order of the Han Empire.They have opened the way and method for the study of Qu Yuan’s Fu(including Chuci in general)in later generations.