从“占有”到“存在”:论弗洛姆的人本主义交往观

To Have or to Be:Research on Fromm's Humanistic Communication Thoughts

埃里希·弗洛姆作为法兰克福学派第一代学者的重要一员,长期以来未得到传播思想史研究应有的重视。对弗洛姆的思想史定位及其交往观念本身展开研究,有填补传播思想史之“灰色地带”的意义。从弗洛姆的思想史坐标出发,对过往关于弗洛姆传播思想的研究成果进行了回应,指出过往研究的局限性在于缺乏思想史研究的问题意识或欠缺对弗洛姆交往观念的审视,由此尝试立足于弗洛姆思想的理论源头,对其交往观念的一般特征展开分析。弗洛姆思想不同于多数法兰克福学派第一代学者的突出特点在于其同时吸收了马克思主义、弗洛伊德主义和西方人本主义传统的思想资源,从而使其思想面貌呈现出兼具批判精神与理想化色彩的“两歧性”特点。基于此,从弗洛姆所使用的“重占有”与“重存在”这对矛盾范畴入手,对弗洛姆的交往观念进行考察。在弗洛姆那里,“重占有”与“重存在”分别象征着“一个以物为中心的社会”和“一个以人为中心的社会”;而对前一种社会形态的批判和对后一种社会形态的构想,构成了弗洛姆交往观念的核心内容。在此基础上,弗洛姆交往观念的表现形式体现在其对“市场性格”和“权威主义”的“占有”式交往的否定和批判,以及其对“积极自由”和“爱与理性”的“存在”式交往的肯定和构想中。换句话说,弗洛姆反对晚期资本主义社会以市场秩序和权威伦理统摄人们的交往活动,而呼吁人们摆脱这些被强加的、外在的社会限制,与他人建立健全的、非异化的社会关系,在交往活动中时刻保持独立、自由和批判的理性。因此,弗洛姆交往观念的现实意义一方面体现在其对现代人健全交往活动的启发,对民主的社会主义社会的呼唤;另一方面也启迪着传播思想史研究者认识和体察“交往”的社会性含义,亦即“交往”在不同社会形态中表现形式的差异。

As an important member of the first-generation of Frankfurt School scholars,Erich Fromm had not received much attention in the field of the intellectual history of communication for a long time.Therefore,the study of Fromm and his communication thoughts has the significance of filling the"Grey Zone"of the intellectual history of communication.Starting from the historical coordinate of Fromm's thoughts,this paper makes a response to the previous research on Fromm's communication thoughts,and points out that the limitation of the past research lies in the lack of problem consciousness as intellectual history or the lack of examination about Fromm's intercourse views.Based on the theoretical source of Fromm's thoughts,this paper attempts to analyze the general characteristics of Fromm's intercourse views.The outstanding feature of Fromm's thoughts,which is different from most of the first-generation scholars of the Frankfurt School,is that it absorbs the thought resources of Marxism,Freudianism and the western tradition of humanism at the same time.As a result,his ideological outlook presents the characteristics of"contradiction"with both critical spirit and idealized color.Based on this,this paper examines the expression and practical significance of Fromm's communication thoughts,starting with the contradictory categories of"to have"and"to be"used by Fromm.For Fromm,"to have"and"to be"respectively symbolize"a materialcentered society"and"a human-centered society",and the criticism of the former social form and the conception of the latter form constitute the core content of Fromm's intercourse views.The expression of Fromm's communication thoughts is reflected in his negation and criticism of the communication forms of"market character"and"authoritarianism",as well as his affirmation and conception of communication forms of"positive freedom"and"love&rationality".Fromm opposed the market order and authority ethics dominating people's communication activities,and called on people to get rid of these imposed and external social restrictions.Fromm encouraged people to establish a sane,non-alienated social relationship with others,and keep independent,free and critical rationality in communication activities at all times.The practical significance of Fromm's thought of communication is reflected in its inspiration to the sane communication activities of modern people and its call for a democratic socialist society.In addition,it also inspires the researchers of the intellectual history of communication to understand the social meaning of"communication",namely the representation differences of"communication",in different social forms.