功能主义视野下的客观归责:以特殊认知为中心

A study on objective imputation from the perspective of functionalism:a focus on special cognition

制造法所不容许的危险是客观归责论的第一个判断规则,对其进行规范分析的目的是排除没有制造危险的行为方式的可罚性,所以应当坚持事前观察的视角,而且,立足于一个审慎的一般人的视角,也要考虑行为人的特殊认知。如果行为人具备了特殊认知,他就预见到了因果流程的发展,客观上支配着因果流程,他的行为制造了法所不能够容忍的危险。从功能主义的视角来看,主观要素与客观要素的划分不是绝对的,它们在犯罪论体系中的位置要服务于刑法的目的性。客观归责理论坚持功能主义的视角,试图打破已经僵硬的体系布局,重新调整主观和客观的标线。虽然行为人的特殊认知,在传统意义上被定位为主观的要素,但是在确定客观归责的判断资料时,特殊认知能够发挥作用。特殊认知本身并非判断基础,它是一种选择性标准,其决定客观事实的哪些部分能够成为判断基础。在重视价值判断的背景下,如果价值衡量要求在客观归责中考虑主观要素,那就不能局限于主客观的界分而回避问题的解决。

According to objective imputation theory,the purpose of its normative analysis is to eliminate the penalties of behaviors that do not create danger.Therefore,we should adhere to the perspective of pre-observation,and consider the special cognition of the actor in the light of a prudent ordinary person.If the actor has special cognition,he can foresee the development of the causal process and objectively dominate it,and his behavior creates a danger beyond legal limits.From the perspective of functionalism,there is no clear-cut boundary between subjective and objective elements.Adhering to the functionalist perspective,the objective imputation theory attempts to adjust the subjective and objective marking.Although the special cognition of the actor has long been positioned as a subjective element,it can play a role in determining the judgment data of objective imputation.Special cognition itself is not the basis of judgment;rather it is a selective criterion that determines which parts of objective facts can be the basis of judgment.In the context of emphasizing value judgment,if value measurement requires consideration of subjective elements in the objective imputation,then we should not keep within the subjective and objective boundaries.