监控运动员机能状态和过度训练的生物标志物进展

Progress in biomarkers of monitoring physiological status and overtraining of athletes

运动训练中监控运动员的身体机能状态和是否过度训练是增强运动表现、实现科学训练的必要环节。传统的生理生化监控指标(如晨脉、血红蛋白、血浆肌酸激酶、血尿素氮、血乳酸、血清睾酮和皮质醇水平等)尽管能评估运动员机能状态和是否过度训练,但监控指标十多年来基本没有改变和进展,且存在监控因素单一、结果评价片面化等问题。目前,倾向于建立更全面的系统综合评价体系,包括从营养和代谢状态、水合状态、肌肉状态、心血管耐力和炎症水平等多个层面综合评价运动员的机能状态和是否过度训练,并关注运动员的健康。此外,敏感、无创和特异性强的新监控生物标志物更受青睐,而血浆游离DNA(cfDNA)和小RNA (miRNAs)是很好的候选标志物。该文在概述传统的运动员机能状态和过度训练的监控生物标志物之后,综述了监控生物标志物的新进展,将为科研人员和教练员全面、准确监控运动员机能状态、避免过度训练,从而提高运动表现,实现科学训练提供理论依据和实践价值。

It is indispensible to monitor physiological status and overtraining of athletes for promoting exercise performance and achieving scientific training.Traditional physiological and biochemical indicators,including morning pulse,hemoglobin,plasma creatine kinase,blood urea nitrogen,blood lactic acid,serum testosterone and cortisol have been widely used to evaluate physiological status and overtraining of athletes for over decades of years.However,these indicators have kept unchanged for decades and may be doubted due to their simplification and one-sidedness.Presently,comprehensive evaluation system of integrating traditional and new biomarkers is recommended to monitor physiological status and overtraining of athletes from multiply aspects,including nutrition and metabolic status,hydration status,muscle status,cardiovascular endurance and inflammation level.Besides,health of athletes receives more attention now.In addition,new biomarkers characteristic of sensitiveness,noninvasive and specificity will be popular,and plasma cell free DNA(cfDNA)and microRNA(miRNA)are likely to be promising candidates.This review summarized the progress in biomarkers of monitoring physiological status and overtraining of athletes after outlining the traditional monitoring biomarkers,which will provide researchers and coaches with theoretical basis and practical value to monitor athletes’physiological status and overtraining comprehensively and precisely,thus to enhance athletic performance and realize scientific training.