中国城市价值链功能分工及其影响因素

Patterns and determinants of functional division of cities across product value chain in China

价值链的空间重组正在深刻的改变着城市体系的经济景观,建立在价值链分工基础上的城市功能结构的研究已经成为经济地理学的重要课题。将中国上市公司500强企业网络划分为公司总部、商务服务、研究开发、传统制造、现代制造、物流仓储和批发零售七种类型功能区块,研究了中国城市价值链功能分工及其影响因素。结果发现:沿着价值链的功能分工已经成为中国城市体系经济景观的显著特征,功能多样化城市和功能专业化城市并存于中国城市体系,东部地区和城市密集地区的城市在价值链分工中占据了更好的地位;中国城市按照价值链中的优势功能可以划分为九种类型,少数城市转变为承载公司总部、研究开发、商务服务等多样化功能的高等级中心城市,而大量中小城市则转变为传统制造专业化基地;市场潜力、关键资源、区位条件、营商环境等城市属性特征是城市功能分工的重要影响因素,城市资源、区位可达性等属性特征的增强将提高城市成为总部基地、商务中心和研究基地的概率,而降低城市成为传统制造基地的概率。

Decreasing spatial transaction and trade costs facilitates the geographical fragmentation of functions,i.e.the stages or activities within product value chain could give rise to functional differentiation of cities.Despite the recent advances in the study of the spatial structure of urban networks,the analysis of functional differentiation of cities across multi-location firms’value chain has been largely neglected.The study sets out to investigate the patterns of functional division of economic activities within China’s urban system,and explore the underlying factors with multiple regression models.To this end,data on the corporate networks of China’s top 500 public companies in 2018 are collected,and the establishments within the corporate networks are grouped into seven functions:headquarters,business services,research and development,modern manufacturing,standardized production,logistics,and wholesale and retail.The following results are obtained.First,different types of functions within the value chain show different spatial patterns,which leads to the differentiation of urban functions,and promotes the transformation of Chinese cities from sectoral specialization to functional specialization.The three knowledge-rich functions of headquarters,business services and research and development are mainly centralized in the core cities of China’s major urban agglomerations,while standardized production has the lowest level of spatial concentration.The second major finding is that functional specialization co-exists with functional diversification within the urban system in China.Overall,large cities are much more functionally diversified,while small and medium-sized cities tend to be specialized in standardized production.Using the clustering algorithm based on self-organizing feature maps,the 334 cities in China can be classified into 9 functional types.Third,location fundamentals play a key role in driving the functional differentiation of cities.Although city size,vital resources,accessibility,urban infrastructure,business environment positively contribute to the presence of all functions,their marginal effects differ across the seven functions.The improvement of economic scale and vital resources will increase the probabilities for cities to develop into headquarter centers,business service centers and R&D centers,while reducing the probabilities of cities is becoming standardized production bases.The traditional urban resource advantages has been transformed into the competitive advantages of urban functional status,suggesting that the development gaps between cities in China will further be enlarged under the network environment.